“You must not imagine, either, that the arrangement and growth of all our present families and communities occurred instantaneously and simultaneously. Our present conditions are, of course, a social and industrial _growth_, and required time and intelligence for their completion or advancement. To illustrate: Your so-called republics did not _all_ appear at the same time. The second republic profited by the experience of the first. The first republic did not postpone its formation until _all_ mankind were ripe for a republic. As soon as a certain collection of your people thought that they could live more agreeably and more happily under a republican form of government than under a monarchy, the monarchy was gradually changed into what you now call republics. You have had some republics for years, yet not all your earthly inhabitants are subjects of republics at the present time. All persons do not mature for the same thing at the same time. So it was with our families and communities. Those men and women that matured for a higher plane first, began to live together, regardless of the immature, as nearly as possible a life approaching the one the Marsites are now living. As I have already stated, years ago each married couple constituted a family, and lived alone in the same manner as you are now living on earth. Then two suitable couples began to live together as one family. The two couples cooked on one stove, ate from one table, and co-operated in their domestic and other labor. Their social intercourse made the individual members continually more _free_ and less aggressive. One stove or heating apparatus did the heating for both couples. One house, one table, one clock, one cellar, one musical instrument, one washing-machine, one library, one parlor carpet, one lamp, one churn, etc., supplied _four_ individuals just as well, and in many respects better, than they had formerly supplied two. “By this co-operation nearly one-half the commodities were economized. But this was by no means all the advantage gained. The women’s domestic labor by working together was only little more than half as much to each individual as it was when each couple lived in a house separately. Thus they largely economized in labor and in commodities. A laborer, whether man or woman, when so co-operating, can, on an average, work more advantageously than they can when working single-handed. Under a division of labor, a person can do much more and much better work than he can otherwise, but it requires a large community of extensive and thorough co-operation to make a complete division of labor possible. Under co-operation much more work can be done with improved machinery, and much less machinery is required to do it.