A Civic Biology, Presented in ProblemsHunter, George W. (George William)
Science
A Civic Biology, Presented in Problems
Hunter, George W. (George William)
Biology; Sanitation
Other Body Structures.--In spaces between the muscles are found various
other structures,--blood vessels, which carry blood to and from the great
pumping station, the heart, and thence to all parts of the body; connective
tissue, which holds groups of muscle or other cells together; fat cells,
scattered in various parts of the body; various gland cells, which
manufacture enzymes; and the cells of the nervous system, which aid in
directing the body parts.
Body Cavity.--Within the body is a cavity, which in life is almost
completely filled with various organs. A thin wall of muscle called the
_diaphragm_ divides the body cavity into two unequal spaces. In the upper
space are found the _heart_ and _lungs_, in the lower, the digestive tract
with its glands, the _liver_, _kidneys_, and other structures (see page 267).
Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion.--Running through the body is a food
tube in which undigested food is placed and from which digested or liquid
food is absorbed into the blood so that the cells of the various organs
which do the work may receive food. Emptying into this food tube are
various groups of gland cells, which pour digestive fluids over the solid
foods, thus aiding in changing them to liquids. Solid wastes are passed out
through the posterior end of the food tube, while liquid wastes are
excreted by means of glands called _kidneys_.
Work done by Cells.--Food, prepared in the digestive tract, and oxygen from
the lungs are taken by the blood to the cells. Bathed in liquid food, the
cells do their work; they promote the oxidization of food and the exchange
of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the blood, while other wastes of the cells
are given off, to pass eventually through the kidneys and out of the body.
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