A Civic Biology, Presented in ProblemsHunter, George W. (George William)
Science
A Civic Biology, Presented in Problems
Hunter, George W. (George William)
Biology; Sanitation
CERTAIN KINDS OF WORK PERFORMED BY CERTAIN KINDS OF CELLS. Advantage of
this. Cells of movement. Muscles, tissues. Bones as levers necessary for
some movements. This especially true for legs and arms. Skeleton also
necessary for protection of internal organs and support of body. Making of
special things in the body, _e.g._ digestive juices given to certain cells
called gland cells. Working together or coordination of different organs
provided for by nervous system. This is composed of cells which are highly
irritable or sensitive. Collections of these nerve cells give us the power
of feeling or sensation and of thinking.
DIETETICS. Diet influenced by age, weight, occupation, temperature or
climate, cheapness of food, digestibility.
NUTRIENTS. List of nutrients found in seeds and fruits, also other common
foods. Need of nutrients for human body. Nitrogenous foods, examples. A
mixed diet best.
DIGESTION AND INDIGESTION. What is digestion? Where does it take place?
_Causes of indigestion._ Eating too rapidly and not chewing food. Eating
foods hard to digest. Overeating. Eating between meals. Hard exercise
immediately before or after eating.
CONSTIPATION. A condition in which the bowels do not move at least once
every day. Dangers of constipation. Poisonous materials may be absorbed,
causing lack of inclination to work, headache. Importance of regular habits
of emptying the bowels. Each one must try to get at the cause of
constipation in his own case. _Causes of constipation._ Lack of exercise,
improper food, not drinking enough water, lack of laxative food, as fruits;
lack of sleep, lack of regular habits. _Remedies._ Avoid use of drugs. Half
hour before breakfast a glass of hot water, exercise of abdominal muscles,
laxative foods, form habit of moving bowels after breakfast.
HYGIENE OF CIRCULATION AND ABSORPTION. How digested foods get to the cells.
Absorption. Definition. The passing of the digested food into the blood.
How accomplished. Blood vessels. In walls of stomach and food tube.
Membrane of cells separating food from blood. Food passes by osmosis
through the membrane and by osmosis through the thin walls of the blood
vessels.
CIRCULATION OF FOODS. Blood contains foods, oxygen, and waste materials.
Heart pumps the blood, blood vessels subdivide until very small and thin,
so food, etc., passes from them to cells. Hygiene of the heart.
TRANSPIRATION AND EXCRETION. Skin, function in excretion. Bathing. Care of
skin. Hot baths. Bathe at least twice a week. Cold baths, how taken.
Bathtub not a necessity. Effect of latter on educating skin to react.
Relation to catching cold.
CARE OF SCALP AND NAILS. Scalp should be washed weekly. If dandruff
present, wash often enough to keep clean. Baldness often results from
dandruff. Finger nails cut even with end of fingers and cleaned daily with
scrub brush.
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