Hypothetically considered, the minor premise affirms the consequent and thus the argument is fallacious; when changed to the categorical we find the fallacy of _undistributed middle_. If other examples were taken, it could be proved that the hypothetical fallacy of _denying the antecedent_ is usually equivalent to the categorical fallacy of _illicit major_; whereas the hypothetical fallacy of _affirming the consequent_ amounts to _undistributed middle_. In reducing some hypotheticals it is necessary to make use of such expressions as, “_the case of_” or “_the circumstances that_.” The attending argument will illustrate this: If Jefferson was right, man was created free and equal; (but) Man was not created free and equal, ∴ Jefferson was not right. _Reduced to the categorical_: G The case of Jefferson being right is the case of man being created ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― M free and equal; S M Man was not created free and equal, ――― ―――――――――――――― S G ∴ Jefferson (this man) was not right. ――――――――― ――――― The argument is valid in both cases. =7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE TESTING HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS OF ALL KINDS.= The following brief outline may be followed in testing hypothetical arguments: 1. Arrange logically. 2. Determine antecedent and consequent. 3. Apply the hypothetical rule; name fallacies giving reasons. 4. Reduce to categorical form. 5. Apply the categorical rules, giving fallacies with reasons. (1) If a man is properly educated, he will not despise manual labor; therefore I conclude that you have not been properly educated, since you dislike to work with your hands. _Arranged logically and antecedent and consequent indicated_: If a man is properly educated (antecedent), he will not despise manual labor (consequent); You despise manual labor (dislike to work with your hands), ∴ You have not been properly educated. The minor premise denies the consequent, hence the argument is valid according to the rule, “The minor premise must affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent.” The student should note that the consequent is negative and therefore its denial must be an affirmative proposition. _Reduced to the categorical_: G M E A properly educated man will not despise manual labor; ――――――――――――――――――――― ―――――――――――――――――――― S M A You despise manual labor, ――― S G E ∴ You have not been properly educated. ――― ――――――――――――――――― Regarded categorically this is valid. Why? (2) “If one believes in the tenets of the democratic party, then he should vote for its candidates; and since A does believe in them I have asked him to vote for me.”