(2) _Disjunctive._ The defendant is either guilty or innocent; He is not innocent, ∴ He is guilty. _Hypothetical._ If the defendant is guilty, then he is not innocent; But he is guilty, ∴ He is not innocent. _Categorical._ The case of the defendant being guilty is the case of the defendant not being innocent, In this case the defendant is guilty, ∴ In this case the defendant is not innocent. =13. THE DILEMMA.= The majority of us are acquainted with the dilemma as related to the activities of life. One is in a dilemma when there are two courses open to him but neither is particularly enticing. One is placed in a dilemma when he is forced to choose the lesser of two evils. For example, one may, without the proper equipment, be overtaken by a heavy rain storm; he seeks the shelter of a wayside shed; the rain continues so that he is forced either to miss his train, or to endure the discomfort of a drenching. Thus the logical dilemma limits one to a choice between alternatives, either one of which might well be avoided. _Definition._ _The dilemma is a syllogism in which the major premise consists of two or more hypothetical propositions, while the minor premise is a disjunctive proposition._ It being a combination of hypothetical and disjunctive propositions the dilemma is sometimes appropriately referred to as the “hypothetico-disjunctive” argument. The order of the premises is indifferent, yet it seems to be more natural to use the hypothetical first; thus the definition. =14. FOUR FORMS.= The four forms of the dilemma are the _simple constructive_, the _simple destructive_, the _complex constructive_, and the _complex destructive_. The following symbolizations illustrate these four kinds: _Simple Constructive Dilemma._ If A is B, W is X; and if C is D, W is X, But either A is B or C is D, Hence W is X. This is termed a simple dilemma because there is but _one_ consequent; namely, W is X. The conclusion being affirmative makes it _constructive_. _Simple Destructive Dilemma._ If A is B, W is X; and if A is B, Y is Z, But either W is not X or Y is not Z, Hence A is not B. This is simple because there is but one antecedent, A is B, and destructive because the conclusion is _negative_. _Complex Constructive Dilemma._ If A is B, W is X; and if C is D, Y is Z, But either A is B or C is D, Hence either W is X or Y is Z. This is complex because there are two antecedents and two consequents; constructive, inasmuch as the conclusion is affirmative. _Complex Destructive Dilemma._ If A is B, W is X; and if C is D, Y is Z, But either W is not X or Y is not Z, Hence either A is not B or C is not D.