A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of TeachingMcNair, George Hastings
Philosophy
A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching
McNair, George Hastings
Logic
Highland Street is the longest street in Jamaica,
Highland Street is not so long as Broadway of New York City,
∴ The longest street of Jamaica is not so long as Broadway of
New York City.
Second. _Reasoning from general to general._
ILLUSTRATION:
All growing things die,
All living things are growing things,
∴ All living things die.
It may be observed that all of the propositions in traduction are
co-extensive “A’s” or “E’s”; hence all the terms are distributed. This
eliminates any possibility of committing fallacies of distribution.
Further, the propositions may be interchanged at will, without
invalidating the particular conclusion selected. To illustrate we may
change the last argument to this:
All growing things are living things,
All things that die are growing things,
∴ All things that die are living things.
From the viewpoint of authenticity traduction is the most, and
induction the least dependable; whereas the certitude of deductive
reasoning lies somewhere between the two. On the other hand, when
looked at from the ground of serviceableness the order is reversed,
induction being the most useful form of inference and traduction the
least.
=16. OUTLINE.=
INDUCTIVE REASONING.
(1) Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Distinguished.
(2) The “Inductive Hazard.”
Essential in world’s progress.
Cultivated and regulated in school.
(3) Complexity of the Problem of Induction.
(4) Various Conceptions of Induction.
Quotations from prominent authorities.
(5) Induction and Deduction Contiguous Processes.
(6) Induction an Assumption.
A mode of inference; A method.
(7) Universal Causation.
Law stated and illustrated.
Conditions all induction.
(8) Uniformity of Nature.
Defined and illustrated.
Conditions all induction.
Empirical.
(9) Inductive Assumptions Justified.
(10) Three Forms of Inductive Research.
(1) Enumeration (2) Analogy (3) Analysis.
Illustrated.
Conditions determine form followed.
(11) Induction by Simple Enumeration.
Defined and illustrated.
Outcome threefold――these illustrated.
(12) Induction by Analogy.
Two conceptions.
Analogy by type or example. Illustrations representative.
Error of analogy.
Suggestiveness of analogy.
Value of analogy.
Requirements of a true analogy. Three.
(13) Induction by Analysis.
Importance.
Defined and illustrated.
(14) Perfect Induction.
Defined and illustrated.
Its use.
Method of Socrates.
(15) Traduction.
Defined and illustrated.
Three methods compared.
=17. SUMMARY.=
(1) Reasoning is the process of deriving a judgment from two antecedent
judgments. The syllogism is a common form of expressing the process of
reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is reasoning from less general premises to a more
general conclusion.
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