A most common form of analogy is reasoning by type or example. In this it is assumed that if two or more things are of the same type, they resemble each in every essential property. The type must be truly representative. A second form of analogy is reasoning by marks of resemblance. This second form often leads to egregious error. Analogy is especially valuable in suggesting hypotheses and in giving training in originality and initiative. A true analogy demands that the points of resemblance be representative; that they outweigh the points of difference, and that no disagreement be incompatible. (13) Induction by analysis is the process of dividing a whole into its parts with a view of deriving a generalization relative to the nature and causal connection of these parts. Induction by analysis makes use of the hypothesis, of observation and experiment, including Mill’s five methods. (14) A perfect induction is one in which the premises enumerate all of the instances denoted by the conclusion. It is serviceable in inspiring care and accuracy in the establishment of generalizations. (15) Traduction is the process of reasoning to a conclusion which is neither less general nor more general than the premises. Traduction includes reasoning from particular to particular or from general to general. Perfect induction is in reality a form of traduction. Induction, though the most useful form of inference, is the most untrustworthy; whereas traduction is just the reverse of this. =18. REVIEW QUESTIONS.= (1) Define and illustrate reasoning. (2) Distinguish by definition and illustration between inductive and deductive reasoning. (3) Explain the “inductive hazard” and show its use to man. (4) “For twenty centuries Aristotle’s Deductive Logic was the logician’s bible.” Explain this. (5) Show that induction and deduction are contiguous processes. (6) Distinguish between induction as a mode of inference and induction as a method. (7) State and explain the law of universal causation. Illustrate fully. (8) Make evident that a cause may involve many antecedents. (9) State and explain by illustration the law of uniformity of nature. (10) Verify by illustration the notion that the “fact of causation” conditions all induction. (11) Which of the two laws is empirical, “causation” or “uniformity”? Why? (12) Show that induction is a form of thinking. (13) Why should the law of uniformity of nature convince man that nature is honest? Illustrate. (14) Show that the law of universal causation stirs the spirit of discovery. (15) Name and illustrate the three forms of induction. (16) Why is it that the tendencies of the investigator often determine the inductive form which he adopts? (17) Explain by illustration the three-fold outcome of induction by simple enumeration.