{ 1. No greater expense, Direct { 2. No greater interest, primary { 3. Better men nominated, { 4. Crops average. It is seen that the invariable consequent is, “Better men nominated.” We may, therefore, conclude that this is a probable effect of “Direct primaries.” (5) Distinguishing features of method of agreement. The essential characteristics of the method of agreement are three: First, _The phenomenon always occurs_. Second, _There is at least one invariable antecedent_. Third, _The other antecedents vary_. Giving attention to the attending symbolized illustrations it may be noted that “P,” the phenomenon, always happens; while in the case of the first symbolization, “D” is the invariable antecedent and “A, B, C, E, G, L, M, F, I” are the variable antecedents. “K” is the invariable antecedent of the second and “H, I, L, T, M, W, X, Y, Z, S” are the variable antecedents. _Antecedents_ _Consequents_ 1. A B C D E ―――――――― P₁ A B C D G ―――――――― P₂ L B C D M ―――――――― P₃ A F G D M ―――――――― P₄ L B C D I ―――――――― P₅ 2. H I K L T ―――――――― P₁ K L M T W ―――――――― P₂ M T L K W ―――――――― P₃ X H K Y Z ―――――――― P₄ T W L K S ―――――――― P₅ (6) A Matter of Observation and Experiment. On studying the problem relative to the tardiness of John, it appears that in obtaining the various antecedents the work would be largely a matter of _observation_. Carrying the father’s dinner, the route through the woods, etc., are facts which observation would make evident. However, when it becomes necessary to vary these antecedents with a view to finding the invariable one, the procedure is experimental as well as a matter of casual observation. Moreover, in connection with the direct primary problem the question would be largely a matter of experiment; though observation would obtain as a subsidiary condition. We may conclude from this that the method of agreement involves _both observation and experiment_; and since the student will discover that the other methods impose similar demands, we are justified in designating these five special methods of induction as those of observation as well as of experiment. (7) Advantages and Disadvantages of the Method of Agreement. The concrete cases given to illustrate the method of agreement present a simple combination of antecedents and consequents. In life, however, such simplicity does not usually obtain and in consequence the method of agreement gives rise to a few serious difficulties. These may be summarized as (a) Plurality of causes; (b) Immaterial antecedents; (c) Complexity of phenomena; (d) Uncertainty of conclusion.