Exceptive propositions are universal when the exceptions are mentioned. Universal propositions necessitate a subject more or less definite, as the predicate of such must refer to the whole of a _definite_ subject. It follows that in exceptive statements definiteness is secured when the exceptions are mentioned, therefore it becomes clear how all such propositions must be universal. Of the illustrations, the first and third propositions are universal. Any exceptive proposition is particular when the exceptions are referred to in general terms or when the subject is followed by _et cetera_. The second illustrative proposition is particular. (7) Exclusive Propositions. Of all propositions which vary from the logical form the exclusive is the most misleading. Exclusives are accompanied by such words as “only,” “alone,” “none but,” and “except.” Their peculiarity rests in the fact that reference is made to the _whole_ of the predicate, but only to a _part_ of the subject. For example, in the exclusive proposition, “Only elements are metals,” _metals_ is referred to as a whole while _elements_ is considered only in part. The true meaning is “Some elements are all metals,” or to put it in logical form, “All metals are elements.” _The easiest way to deal with an exclusive is to interchange subject and predicate (convert simply) and call the proposition an A._ PROCESS ILLUSTRATED: _Exclusive Proposition_ _Reduced to Logical Form_ 1. None but high school All who enter Training School graduates may enter must be high school graduates. Training School. 2. Only first-class All parlor cars are for passengers are allowed in first-class passengers. parlor cars. 3. Residents alone are All who are licensed to teach are licensed to teach. residents. 4. No admittance except on All who have business may be business. admitted. 5. Only bad men are not-wise. All who are not-wise are bad men. 6. Only some men are wise. All who are wise are men. It is claimed by good authority that the real nature of the exclusive is best expressed by _negating_ the subject and calling the proposition an E; e. g., exclusive: “Only elements are metals”; logical form: “No not-elements are metals” (E). In a succeeding chapter it is explained how an E admits of first simple conversion and then obversion. The following illustrate these two processes: _Original E_: “No not-elements are metals.” _Simple conversion_: “No metals are not-elements.” _Obversion_: “All metals are elements.” From this it may be seen that the statement, “The easiest way to deal with an exclusive is to interchange subject and predicate and call the proposition an A,” is substantially correct. (8) Inverted Propositions.