A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of TeachingMcNair, George Hastings
Philosophy
A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching
McNair, George Hastings
Logic
If the student is to succeed in testing the value of arguments, he must
ever have “at the tip of his tongue” his knowledge of the distribution
of the terms of the four logical propositions. With this in view the
following schemes are offered:
I.
_Subject_ _Predicate_
A distributed undistributed
E distributed distributed
I undistributed undistributed
O undistributed distributed
II.
A distributed undistributed
O undistributed distributed
E distributed distributed
I undistributed undistributed
III.
A All S is P
└─┘
E No S is P
└─┘ └─┘
I Some S is P
O Some S is not P
└─┘
Referring to scheme II it may be observed that A and O contradict each
other; i. e., where A is distributed O is undistributed and vice versa.
A similar relation exists between E and I.
In scheme III the bracket └─┘ under the symbol indicates the term which
is distributed.
IV. As a fourth scheme a “key word” might be adopted. Any of these
three might be used: (1) saepeo, or (2) asebinop, or (3) uaesneop.
The significance of “saepeo” is this: “_s_” stands for _subject
distributed_, “_p_” for _predicate distributed_, “_a_” “_e_” “_o_”
for the _logical propositions_ where any distribution occurs. Putting
the letters together gives this: subject distributed of propositions
A and E, predicate distributed of propositions E and O.
Similarly, “asebinop” stands for this: “_as_,” _a_ distributes its
_s_ubject; “_eb_” _e_ distributes _b_oth; “_in_,” _i_ distributes
_n_either; “_op_,” _o_ distributes the _p_redicate.
In the coined word “_uaesneop_” appear six letters which compose
“saepeo,” and the letters have the same significance. The two
additional letters, u and n, stand for universal and negative. The
interpretation of the entire word, therefore, is this: “_uaes_,”
the _u_niversals _a_ and _e_ distribute their _s_ubjects; _neop_,
the _n_egatives _e_ and _o_ distribute their _p_ redicates.
It seems to me that the last word is the most helpful as it emphasizes
the two facts which are the most used; namely, (1) Only the universals
distribute their subjects; (2) Only the negatives distribute their
predicates.
If the student will visualize “_uaesneop_” so thoroughly as never
to forget it, he will not experience difficulty in determining the
distribution of the terms of the four logical propositions.
=9. OUTLINE.=
LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS.
(1) The nature of logical propositions.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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