(5) A truistic or tautologous proposition is one in which the predicate repeats the words and meaning of the subject. (8) In considering the relation which may exist between subject and predicate, the two terms are employed in extension only, as this use best serves the interests of inference. The extensional relation between subject and predicate of the four logical propositions may be stated as follows: Ordinary A――All of the subject belongs to a part of the predicate. Co-extensive A――All of the subject belongs to all of the predicate. E――None of the subject belongs to any part of the predicate. I――Some of the subject belongs to some of the predicate. O――Some of the subject is excluded from the whole of the predicate. In general it may be said that the affirmative propositions are _in_clusive while the negatives are _ex_clusive. A term is said to be distributed when it is referred to as a definite whole. “A” distributes the logical subject only, “E” both logical subject and logical predicate, “I” neither logical subject nor logical predicate, “O” the logical predicate only. The co-extensive “A” distributes both subject and predicate. It is essential that the student know by heart the distribution of the terms of the logical propositions. Some keyword like _uaesneop_ may be used as an aid to the memory. This means the _u_niversals _A_ and _E_ distribute their _s_ubjects, while the _n_egatives _E_ and _O_ distribute their _p_redicates. =11. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.= (1a) Examine the following list of propositions with a view to classifying them as “A’s,” “E’s,” “I’s” or “O’s.” _E_ 1. “None of the inmates voted.” _A_ 2. “Benj. Franklin was the best educated American.” _I_ 3. “Some doctors deem it right to lie to their patients.” _A_ 4. “All earnest teachers need to observe the teaching of others.” _I_ 5. “Some politicians are honest.” _A_ 6. “Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.” _O_ 7. “Some proverbs are not true to life.” _E_ 8. “No man should infringe upon the rights of others.” I recall that an affirmative proposition in which the predicate refers to the whole of the subject is an A, while one where the predicate refers to only a part of the subject is an I. Further, a negative proposition where the predicate refers to the whole of the subject is an E, while one in which the predicate refers to only a part of the subject is an O. With these facts in mind, I classify the propositions as indicated. (1b) In a similar manner classify as to quantity and quality the following: (1) “All worthy workers grow to look like their work.” (2) “Every dog has his day.” (3) “Some of the presidents were not popular.” (4) “No unskilled laborer can afford to own an automobile.” (5) “Some of the ‘election prophets’ were sadly mistaken.” (2a) Classify the following propositions and make the illogical, logical: (1) “Only first-class passengers may ride in parlor cars.”