made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years. _Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed _Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria, part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians. _Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX., was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished. _Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon