=Summary=.—We have seen, then, that in the 16th century, in Italy, instrumental music began to break from its union with vocal music; that the Opera brought the harpsichord especially into notice in the 17th century, on account of its availability for accompaniments, and that finally, in the 18th century, the Neapolitan composers developed for it a style which took advantage of its peculiar resources, and applied them to the enrichment of the harmonic forms which were coming into vogue. REFERENCES. Weitzmann.—History of Pianoforte Playing. Naumann.—History of Music, Vol. I. J. S. Shedlock.—The Pianoforte Sonata. Henderson.—How Music Developed. Henderson.—Preludes and Studies. MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. Weitzmann’s History, pages 291-313. Rimbault, “The Pianoforte,” pages 257, 306, 310. Litolff edition, No. 397, second volume of “Music by Old Masters.” Augener edition, No. 8298, Old Italian Compositions. The Breitkopf Edition, Nos. 111, 112, 411, have reference to music for the clavier, written during the 17th and 18th centuries. Biblioteca d’Oro, Ricordi, contains examples of the compositions of the leading composers of the 17th to 19th centuries. QUESTIONS. What influence did the Renaissance have on early instrumental music? Give an account of the “sonatas” written by Willaert. What other kinds of composition were written during this period? What were the contributions of the Gabrieli’s? How did the Opera influence harpsichord music? What principles were used in making dance tunes? What was the origin of the Suite? How did these early composers attempt to give Unity to a composition? Tell about the work of Frescobaldi and Pasquini. What peculiarities of fingering were used by the early players? What distinction did Corelli and his successors make between the Sonata and the Suite? Describe the career of Domenico Scarlatti. What forms did he use in his compositions? What characteristics did he show in his playing? Tell about the work of Durante, Alberti and Paradies. Give the successive stages of development from the 16th to the 18th century. LESSON XXVII. THE EARLY ENGLISH AND FRENCH CLAVIER SCHOOLS.