=Bach’s Other Clavier Works=.—Bach wrote also sonatas and concertos, the latter for one, two or three claviers, sometimes with string accompaniment. These works, although comprising several movements, _do not_ otherwise _coincide_ with the _harmonic sonata form_, since their style is more polyphonic, and since they are occupied mainly with the _development_ of a _single_ subject. His suites, of which he wrote two sets, called respectively English and French, are no less important, since in them the dance forms are invested with a seriousness and an artistic finish hitherto unattained. Of other clavier works, his famous “Chromatic Fantasie” has a wealth of harmonic combinations, fiery runs and arpeggios, and dramatic recitative which give it a worthy place in the Romantic school developed much later, and of whose style it was the forerunner. His “Inventions,” studies written originally for his children, in two or three parts, are an excellent introduction to the study of his larger works. =Reforms in Fingering=.—Another gift of Bach’s to coming generations was his _thorough revision of clavier playing_. Raising the hand above the keys from its former flat position, he _brought the thumb into use_, and by inventing the scale fingering, afterwards universally adopted, he opened the way to the style of brilliant and smoothly running passages which was afterwards so highly developed. Thus Bach, while putting the final touch to the old forms, gave an impetus to the harmonic style, which was then in its infancy, and of which we shall now trace the course. REFERENCES. Naumann.—History of Music, Vol. I. Vol. II, Bach and Handel. Weitzmann.—History of Pianoforte Playing. Henderson.—Preludes and Studies. Spitta.—Life of Bach. Parry.—Evolution of the Art of Music, Chapter VIII. Williams.—Bach (Master Musicians Series). MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. Weitzmann’s History, pages 330, 336. Rimbault.—The Pianoforte, pages 299, 332, 340. Litolff ed., No. 396, 1st volume of Music by Old Masters. Augener ed., No. 8297. Breitkopf Ed., as before. Works of Handel and Bach, published in all the cheap editions. QUESTIONS. Compare the Italian and the German tendencies. Give an account of Hasler. Tell about Froberger. In what styles did he write? Tell about Kerl, Pachelbel and the Muffats. What advances do we find in the works of the composers of the early part of the 18th century? What forms now begin to take definite shape? Give a sketch of Handel’s early life. Give a sketch of Handel’s work in England. State the characteristics of Handel’s clavier works. What affliction befell him during the last years of his life? What associate of Handel’s was famous as writer and composer? Tell about Bach’s early life. Tell about Bach’s later life. What great king invited Bach to visit his court? Describe the “Well-Tempered Clavichord.”