=Humor and Freshness=.—Another quality which he introduced was that of humor, which is prominent not only in the general tone of geniality, but in little unexpected twists of harmony, melody or rhythm, which give an irresistibly comic effect. Especially is this true in his symphonies, where the various tone colors are used for such results. Especial mention should also be made of his Masses, in which tunefulness of melody and sprightly rhythms combine to give an enduring popularity. Altogether, Haydn’s work is redolent of the spring of musical activity, where the novelty of each harmonic effect is employed with an outburst of joy, and where one travels, as it were, through a sunny garden, filled with the flowers of musical thoughts. REFERENCES. Shedlock.—The Pianoforte Sonata. Naumann.—History of Music, Vol. II, chapter on Haydn. Parry.—Evolution of the Art of Music, Chapter XI. Weitzmann.—History of Pianoforte Playing. Grove.—Dictionary of Music and Musicians, article “Haydn.” Various lives of Haydn. Haydn appears as one of the characters in George Sand’s musical novel “Consuelo.” For musical illustrations, see especially Haydn’s pianoforte sonatas, in Edition Peters, No. 713, a, b, c and d, or in other cheap editions. QUESTIONS. Who are the three great sonata writers? Tell about Haydn’s childhood. Tell about Haydn’s life in Vienna. Give an account of Haydn as a student. What great singing master did he meet? What patrons did Haydn gain? What was the value to the musical art of the patronage of the great nobles and princes? Describe Haydn’s duties and opportunities in Prince Esterhazy’s service. What great composer did Haydn meet in Vienna in 1785? When Haydn’s service ceased, to what city did he go? What works did he bring out there? What was the importance of his work to the Sonata and the Symphony? Describe the first movement-form as fixed by Haydn. Describe the second movement as fixed by Haydn. Describe the third movement as fixed by Haydn. Name certain qualities characteristic of Haydn’s music. What great American was born in the same year as Haydn? Name men and women of prominence who were contemporaries of Haydn. LESSON XXXI. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART. While Haydn’s genius was shining steadily as a fixed star, Mozart flashed across the musical heaven, meteorlike, throwing a flood of light over the music world. The knowledge which others spent years in acquiring seemed his by birthright; and thus, although the years of his life were few, the period of his artistic activity was proportionately long.