The literature on the subject of the details of reconstruction after the war proposes two main lines of approach. Some writers place the greatest stress upon the readjustment of the arrangements of national and international government. For instance, this school emphasizes the need for the international control of backward countries and the main highways upon the seas. Lippmann says, “... the supreme task of world politics is not the prevention of war, but a satisfactory organization of mankind. Peace will follow that.”[209] The idea seems to be that if the causes of friction are effectively removed, trouble will not arise. Another school of writers places its reliance upon broadening the vision of men. Powers represents this method of approach. He says, “The chief remedy--perhaps we may say the only remedy--for ills that flesh is heir to, is to be found in the increased intelligence and forbearance of men.”[210] These methods will have to be used in conjunction with each other. It is not safe in the near future to trust entirely to human nature as long as irritating causes of friction remain, and by removing the causes of friction we may allow the belligerent type of patriotism to fall into disuse. But neither will any merely external arrangements provide security so long as human nature finds its glory in a chauvinistic patriotism. Patriotism is the _will_ to national individuality. It is a major task of mankind to see that that will is intellectualized and ethicized. NOTES PART I [1] There is a widespread recognition among psychologists and students of character that the study of conduct should begin with these unreasoned impulses. For examples of such a recognition see the following: Jas. R. Angell, _Chapters from Modern Psychology_, pp. 24, 25; Wm. McDougall, _An Introduction to Social Psychology_, pp. 2, 3, 43; Gilbert Murray, Herd Instinct and the War, a lecture in _The International Conflict_ by Murray and others, p. 23; Wilfred Trotter, _The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War_, p. 15; Graham Wallas, _The Great Society_, p. 41; E. B. Holt, _The Freudian Wish_, p. 132; Walter Lippmann, _The Stakes of Diplomacy_, p. 50; A. F. Shand, _The Foundations of Character_, Introduction, pp. 1-9. [2] Cf. Francis Galton: _Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development_, p. 72. [3] Wm. James: _The Principles of Psychology_, Vol. II, p. 430. Quoted by Wm. McDougall: _Social Psychology_, pp. 85, 86. [4] Wilfred Trotter: _The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War_. Other writers have emphasized gregariousness, but Trotter’s book is the most elaborate and important in recent literature. Aristotle declared that man was a social animal. See _Politics_, Book I, Chap. I. Cf. also McDougall: _Social Psychology_, p. 84. [5] W. G. Sumner: _Folkways_, p. 15. [6] Martin Conway: _The Crowd in Peace and War_, p. 76. [7] Gilbert Murray: _Herd Instinct and the War_, p. 34. [8] _Ibid._, p. 37. [9] Conway: _The Crowd_, p. 79.