The expedition against the Jews of Khyber was purely defensive in its character. They had, since the Jews of the tribe of Nazeer and Koreiza being banished from Medina in consequence of their treason against the Moslem commonwealth, had joined them, been guilty of inciting the surrounding tribes to attack upon Medina, and had made alliance with the Bani Ghatafan, who had taken a prominent part among the confederates who had besieged Medina at the battle of the Ditch, to make a combined attack upon Medina. They, especially Abul Hukeik, the chief of Bani Nazeer, had excited the Bani Fezara and other Beduoin tribes to commit incursions on Medina. They had made a combination with the Bani Sad-Ibn Bakr to make inroads on the Moslims. Bani Sad, a branch of Hawazin, were among the confederates who had besieged Medina. Lately, Oseir Ibn Zarim, the chief of Nazeer at Khyber, maintained the same relations with Bani Ghatafan, as their former chief had, to make a combined attack on Medina. The Bani Ghatafan, with their branches of Bani Fezara and Bani Murra, in league with those of Khyber, were always plotting mischief in the vicinity of Fadak at Khyber. They (the Ghatafan) had continued for a long time to alarm Medina with threatened attacks. At the seventh year of the Hegira timely information was received by Mohammad of the combined preparation of Khyber and Ghatafan. He rapidly set forth in his defence, and marched to Khyber at once. He took up a position at Raji, between Khyber and Ghatafan, to cut off their mutual assistance. So it was not a sudden and unprovoked invasion, as Sir W. Muir calls it. He writes: "Mahomet probably waited for some act of aggression on the part of the Jews of Kheibar (it was the fertile lands and villages of that tribe which he had destined for his followers), or on the part of their allies, the Bani Ghatafan, to furnish the excuse for an attack. But no such opportunity offering, he resolved, in the autumn of this year, on a sudden and unprovoked invasion of their territory."[184] It will appear from what I have stated above, that the invasion of Khyber was purely defensive in its character. [Footnote 181: Hishamee, p. 545. Gottengen, 1859; or, The Life of Muhammad, by Abd etl Malik ibn Hisham. London: Truebner and Co., 1867.] [Footnote 182: Hishamee, p. 757.]