1. _Hackney_: generally of full, broad, powerful body, short legs and back, high action and high carriage of neck and head, bay or chestnut in color, 15 hands high, and 1400 pounds in weight. 2. _Coach_: generally lighter than the Hackney, with longer legs and long stride; height, 16 hands; weight, 1300 pounds. 3. _Cleveland bay_: averaging 16½ hands in height, 1350 pounds in weight, high, broad hips, strong action, and bay color. _C._ The roadster type is long and lean of limb and body, and averages about 1100 pounds in weight. _Varieties:--_ 1. _Thoroughbred_: of small head, long neck, level back, of variable color, 14½-16½ hands high, about 1000 pounds in weight. 2. _American saddle_: an American production; not a distinct breed, but a roadster of high quality. 3. _American trotter_: a superior type of good speed. The off forefoot and the nigh hind foot act together, the nigh fore and the off hind feet together, giving a two-beat gait. 4. _Pacer_: similar to the trotter, but using both off feet and both nigh feet together, giving a swinging gait. The horse is very similar to man in its physical and mental character, being subject to the same ailments and treatment and having the same impulses of affection, hatred, fear, jealousy, obedience, willfulness, memory, and perhaps reason. It is of all animals most careful in its eating and drinking; because its stomach is small, the food should not be bulky but concentrated, grain forming a goodly portion of the ration. Perhaps the most important point in the structure of the horse is the form of the leg and foot. The shoulder should slope slightly backward and the pastern joint, immediately above the hoof, slightly backward. The hips, or "quarters," should slope downward somewhat, and the hock should be comparatively wide to afford ample leverage for the pulling muscles. The legs should be straight as pillars when seen from front or rear. The outer walls of the hoof support most of the weight though the frog should normally touch the ground. In nature the hoof wears away properly of itself, but the shod hoof needs regular trimming attention, while the frog must not be trimmed, for it is the soft growing part that nourishes the hoof. In this treatment the foot is comparable with the human finger and finger nail. _Observations._ If access to a living animal is impossible or inconvenient, the pupil may use reference book or pictures for most of these points. A measuring tape or ruler should be at hand, and the assistance of an experienced person is a valuable aid. If several horses are studied, they should be distinguished by name or number.