_Indirect Measures._ For a number of years the Committee worked energetically to bring about the inauguration of periodical German _Nationalfeste_, which should serve as an inspiration and pattern for smaller public exhibitions (_Jugend- und Volksfeste_) all over the country, and at the same time stimulate national spirit. Growing opposition on the part of the German _Turnerschaft_, which saw in such occasions a menace to the success of its own quadrennial _Turnfeste_, together with other difficulties, finally led to the abandonment of the plan. The Committee now seeks to work from the bottom up, by encouraging regular exhibitions with competitive sports in separate localities. The conviction that national efficiency (_Volkskraft_) and national defense (_Wehrkraft_) are merely different expressions of the same thing, and that whatever promotes or disturbs the one affects the other similarly, has led to careful study of the latter question. A volume of some size (“Wehrkraft durch Erziehung”), published in 1904, in place of the usual year-book, sets forth educational measures which foster _Wehrkraft_ by increasing _Volkskraft_, and a special “Committee of Defense” (Ausschuss zur Förderung der Wehrkraft durch Erziehung) has met repeatedly to discuss the subject, with representatives of the Prussian war ministry and the head of the general staff present on one occasion (March 12, 1911). Games were incorporated in the course of military gymnastics by imperial order of May, 1910, and the Committee’s special manual (“Militärisches Spielbuch”) is now in use everywhere. Looking back over twenty years of effort along these varied lines of activity, von Schenckendorff is forced to admit that much remains to be accomplished. In the schools, while play-afternoons with voluntary attendance have spread widely, the obligatory play-afternoon on a par with required instruction in gymnastics has been introduced only here and there. Brunswick, Württemberg, Baden, and Saxony are farthest advanced in this respect. The continuation schools have taken only the first step looking toward physical development. At the universities there is increased interest in gymnastics and athletic sports, but facilities for their practise are still inadequate. The state has not met its responsibility in the matter of building gymnasia, fitting up playgrounds, and providing the means for swimming, rowing, and the like.