was Superintendent of the Gymnasium 1869 (it was opened January 13, 1870)-1885. The annual report of the Board of Regents for the year ending September 30, 1870, records that at the _University of Wisconsin_ “a building for drill and gymnastic exercises has just been completed at a cost of about $4000.... The main building is 100 by 30 feet,” with a wing containing an armory. Before 1870 _Washington University_ (St. Louis) had provided for its students a one-story gymnasium with a main hall 70 by 50 feet, at a cost of $7000. Other institutions known to have made similar provision were Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg (1870, wood, $3000), Beloit (1874, wood, $5000), University of California (1878, wood, $12,000), and Vanderbilt University (1879, brick, $22,000).[257] The three decades which witnessed the gradual revival of interest in gymnastics in the colleges were not without other signs of a growing desire for some sort of physical activity suited to the conditions and needs of the undergraduate world. The Civil War brought inevitably to the front the idea of a trained citizen soldiery which had animated Captain Partridge’s endeavors forty years before, and the beginnings of athletic sports in the colleges go back to the period immediately preceding and following the death-grapple between North and South. The momentous Land-Grant Act of 1862, introduced by Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, passed by both houses of Congress in June and signed by President Lincoln July 2, allotted to each state a quantity of public land equal to 30,000 acres for each senator or representative in Congress, the proceeds from the sale of these lands to be used for “the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and _including military tactics_, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts in such manner as the legislatures of the states may respectively prescribe in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” The clause relating to military instruction “was not in the original bill, but was introduced ... because the advantage of the South over the North at the beginning of the war was attributed to the numerous military schools there, and it was thought that at least one college in each state should teach military subjects.”[258] In accordance with this Act nineteen states, among them Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, and New Hampshire, have organized independent colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts; in twenty-one others the college of agriculture is a part of the state university, as in California, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and in a few cases all or a part of the income goes to a privately endowed institution, like Cornell