In the volume “Games,”[27] of which two editions appeared in the first year and a third in 1802, an introduction of about fifty pages is followed by detailed descriptions of one hundred and five different games, arranged in natural groups and according to the faculties which they test or tend to develop, _e.g._, attention, observation, memory, judgment. The other works of GutsMuths include a “Manual of the Art of Swimming” (1798, 2d ed., 1833),[28] “Mechanical Avocations for Youths and Men” (1801, 2d ed., 1809),[29] “Book of Gymnastics for the Sons of the Fatherland” (1817),[30] and “Catechism of Gymnastics: a Manual for Teachers and Pupils” (1818).[31] Some idea of the wide influence exerted by these books may be gained from the fact that the “Gymnastics for the Young” was pirated outright in Austria (the 2d ed., Vienna, 1805);[32] appeared in the form of translations more or less altered and condensed in Denmark (Copenhagen, 1799),[33] England (London, 1800),[34] the United States (Philadelphia, 1802. This is a reprint of the London edition, and in both the work is wrongly attributed to _Salzmann_ on the title page. See footnote on p. 89),[35] and Holland (The Hague, Amsterdam, and Breda, 1806);[36] was epitomized and issued under a different name in Bavaria (Stadtamhof, 1800),[37] France (Paris, 1803),[38] and Sweden (Lund, 1813);[39] was freely drawn upon by Clias in the “Elements of Gymnastics” which he published in German (1816), French (1819) and English (1823); and with these books of Clias served as the basis of Young’s Italian manual (Milan, 1825).[40] Of the “Games,” six editions (revised) have been published since the author’s death, the last of them in 1914. In addition to his books on physical training GutsMuths wrote numerous ones devoted to _Geography_, and rendered an important service to educational science through the _Bibliothek der paedagogischen Litteratur_, which he edited and published in the years 1800-1820 (53 volumes).[41] [Illustration: FIG. 14.—Title-page of the English translation of “Gymnastik für die Jugend” (1800).] [Illustration: FIG. 15.—Footnote on p. 89 of the English translation of “Gymnastik für die Jugend.”] Chronologically the names of _Franz Nachtegall_ (1777-1847), _Per Henrik Ling_ (1776-1839) and _Friedrich Ludwig Jahn_ (1778-1853) should follow those of the German pioneers who taught and wrote in Dessau and at Schnepfenthal. These men, however, are best studied in connection with the later results of their life work, _i.e._, statewide physical education in Denmark, the Swedish system of school gymnastics, and the popular gymnastic societies (Turnvereine) of Germany, to each of which a separate chapter is devoted. BIBLIOGRAPHY. _General_