[41] The “Encyclopædia of Bodily Exercises” (_Encyklopädie der Leibesübungen._ Three volumes, 1794, 1795, 1818) published by Gerhard Ulrich Anton Vieth (1763-1836) of the Dessau _Hauptschule_ (not the Philanthropinum), and the important pioneer work of Don Francisco Amoros (1770-1848) in Madrid and Paris and of Phokion Heinrich Clias (1782-1854) in Switzerland, England, and France, are omitted here for lack of space, but have been discussed at length in an article which appeared in the _American Physical Education Review_ for June, 1904 (IX: 89-110). The sketches of Amoros and Clias, without bibliography, are reprinted as chapters V and VI in the writer’s “Pioneers of Modern Physical Training” (New York, Association Press, 1915). CHAPTER XI. FRIEDRICH LUDWIG JAHN, AND POPULAR GYMNASTICS IN GERMANY. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, the father of popular gymnastics (_Volks-_ or _Vereinsturnen_) in Germany, was born August 11, 1778, at Lanz, a Prussian hamlet lying midway between Hamburg and Berlin and only a few miles distant from the right bank of the Elbe. His father, the village pastor, was a large and vigorous man, faithful to all the varied duties of his office, and at the same time a thrifty manager of the parochial estate, fond of his garden, and with hop-fields and sheep of his own. The mother was a strong, brave woman of Puritan type, devoutly religious, severely plain in her manner of living, industrious and economical, and not unlike the peasant women of the parish in outward appearance. Their only other child was a daughter, born two years before. The first thirteen years of the boy’s life were spent at home, mostly outdoors and in the company of older persons. At the age of four he began to read with his mother in Luther’s translation of the Bible, a book with which he afterwards showed great familiarity. This was followed by Pufendorf’s record of the Great Elector’s deeds and by the historical writings of Frederick the Great. The latter monarch died when Jahn was eight years old, and was made a very real hero to him by the tales of veterans of the Seven Years’ War living in the neighborhood and of troopers attracted by the rich pasturage there. In addition to Latin his father taught him history, geography, and the German language, which soon became his favorite studies and continued to interest him deeply throughout his school and university days.