Although Prussia’s example in suppressing public _Turnen_ was followed by other German states, the procedure was by no means universal. Thus the reaction did not directly affect the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg, the Duchy of Brunswick, and the Free Cities of Hamburg and Lübeck; and it was not of long duration in the Kingdom of Bavaria. Between 1820 and 1840 the old organizations continued without interruption, therefore, in scattered cities, and new societies of older boys or young men who met regularly for exercise were formed in Hanover (1831), Frankfort-on-the-Main (1833), Plauen in Saxony (1834), and Pforzheim in Baden (1835). Even in Berlin Ernst Eiselen (1793-1846), Jahn’s faithful assistant, was allowed to open a private indoor and outdoor gymnasium in 1828. The venture prospered, and he added a gymnasium for girls in 1832, and four years later opened a branch institution in another part of the city. The latter was transferred to his helper Wilhelm Lübeck (1809-1879) in 1839. Both men trained many teachers of gymnastics, and wrote valuable manuals,[51] bridging over in this way the gap between the older and the newer _Turnen_. With the accession of Frederick-William IV to the Prussian throne in 1840 the hopes of his people were kindled afresh, and during the next decade all Germany was stirred by an agitation for reform which steadily gathered force until the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1848 brought it to a climax. One sign of this quickened national and political life was a general revival of the Jahn gymnastics. The incorporation of physical training in school programs led to the formation of separate societies (_Männerturnvereine_) for adults, in which the bond of union was at first merely an agreement to meet for exercise at certain fixed hours; but this was soon followed by the adoption of by-laws, the appointment of boards of directors, and the fixing of definite dues. Partly as a result of excursions and exhibitions new societies sprang up everywhere, until at the close of the decade they numbered nearly three hundred. The desire for union which early showed itself was met by holding district conventions (_Turntage_) and gatherings for gymnastic exercises (_Turnfeste_). So we find turners from Frankfort, Hanau, and Mainz coming together in Frankfort-on-the-Main September 5, 1841, for the first of several annual _Turnfeste_, and on the Feldberg in 1844 inaugurating the important series of _Feldbergfeste_; and in Saxony, where progress had been especially active and orderly, the first _Turntag_ at Dresden, October 31, 1846, attended by delegates from fifty-four societies. Periodicals devoted to the interests of the turners also began to make their appearance—Karl Euler’s “Jahrbücher der deutschen Turnkunst” (1843 and 1844) and “Turn-Zeitung” (1846 and 1847),[52] “Der Turner” (1846-52),[53] the “Mainzer Turnzeitung” (1846),[54] and Ravenstein’s “Nachrichtsblatt für Deutschlands