But by whatever accident or method a lode may be discovered, the leave of the proprietor of the soil must be obtained before any operations can be commenced, except in such cases of Tin Mines as are anciently _embounded_ according to the provisions of the Stannary Laws. The owner of the land is technically called the _Lord_, whose share (which is termed his _Dish_) is generally one-sixth, or one-eighth of the profits; the parties who engage to work the mine are called _Adventurers_, their shares depending upon their original contributions and agreements. When it has been determined to work a mine, three material points are to be considered; viz. the discharge of the water,--the removal of the barren rock and rubbish (_deads_),--and the raising of the ore. One of the first objects, therefore, is to cut an _Adit_,[98] as it is called, which in an inclined underground passage, about six feet high, and 2½ wide, and is generally commenced at the bottom of a neighbouring valley, and is driven up to the vein, for the purpose of draining it of water above their point of contact; these _Adits_ are sometimes continued to a very considerable distance, and although the expense of forming them is necessarily very considerable, yet they are found to afford the most oeconomical method of getting rid of the water, in as much as it saves the labour of the steam-engine in raising it to (_Grass_) the surface. As soon as the vertical aperture, or _Shaft_, is sunk to some depth, a machine called a _Whim_ is erected, to bring up the _deads_, and ore. It consists of a perpendicular axis on which a large hollow cylinder of timber, termed the _Cage_, revolves; and around this a rope, directed down the _Shaft_ by a pulley, winds horizontally. In the axis a transverse beam is fixed, at the ends of which two horses are fastened, and going their rounds haul up a basket (or _Kibbul_) full of ore, or _deads_, whilst an empty one is descending.[99] As the lode never runs down perpendicularly it is necessary to cut galleries, called _Levels_, horizontally on the vein, one above another. These levels are, in the first instance, about two feet wide, and six feet high, but varying according to circumstances, and being frequently extended much beyond their original dimensions. They are driven one above the other at intervals of from 10 to 20, or 30 fathoms. When extended to a certain distance from the original vertical _Shaft_, it is necessary, for the sake of ventilation, as well as for other reasons, to form a second which is made to traverse all the levels in the same manner as the first. A communication is frequently only made between two galleries by a partial shaft (called a _Wins_) in the interval between the two great shafts. When there are more than one lode worked in the same mine, as frequently happens, _Levels_ often run parallel to each other at the same depth. In this case they communicate by intermediate _Levels_ driven through the rock