Greenlandic, New England, Virginian, Austroriparian, Floridian, Antillæan, Caribbean, Brazilian, Argentinan, Patagonian. East Pacific. Arctic, Aleutian, Sitkan, Californian, San Diegan, Sinaloan, Panamanian, Peruvian, Revillagigedan, Galapagan, Chilian, Patagonian. West Pacific. Arctic, Aleutian, Kurile, Hokkaido, Nippon, Chinese, East Indian, Polynesian, Hawaiian, Indian, Arabian, Madagascarian, Cape, North Australian, Tasmanian, New Zealand, Antarctic. =Equatorial Fishes Most Specialized.=--In general, the different types are most highly specialized in equatorial waters. The processes of specific change, through natural selection or other causes, if other causes exist, take place most rapidly there and produce most far-reaching modification. As elsewhere stated, the coral reefs of the tropics are the centers of fish-life, the cities in fish economy. The fresh waters, the arctic waters, the deep sea and the open sea represent forms of ichthyic backwoods, regions where change goes on more slowly, and in them we find survivals of archaic or generalized types. For this reason the study in detail of the distribution of marine fishes of equatorial regions is in the highest degree instructive. =Realms of Distribution of Fresh-water Fishes.=--If we consider the fresh-water fishes alone we may divide the land areas of the earth into districts and zones not differing fundamentally with those marked out for mammals and birds. The river basin, bounded by its shores and the sea at its mouth, shows many resemblances, from the point of view of a fish, to an island considered as the home of an animal. It is evident that with fishes the differences in latitude outweigh those of continental areas, and a primary division into Old World and New World would not be tenable. The chief areas of distribution of fresh-water fishes we may indicate as follows, following essentially the grouping proposed by Dr. Günther:[27] =Northern Zone.=--With Dr. Günther we may recognize first the _Northern Zone_, characterized familiarly by the presence of sturgeon, salmon, trout, whitefish, pike, lamprey, stickleback, and other species of which the genera and often the species are identical in Europe, Siberia, Canada, Alaska, and most of the United States, Japan, and China. This is subject to cross-division into two great districts, the first Europe-Asiatic, the second North American. These two agree very closely to the northward, but diverge widely to the southward, developing a variety of specialized genera and species, and both of them passing finally by degrees into the Equatorial Zone.