_Oreopithecus_, Gervais, C. R., p. 1223, lxxiv. (1872); Ristori, Boll. Com. Geol. (3), i., pp. 178, 226, pls. vii., viii. (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palæont, iv., p. 705 (1893). The characters which distinguish this genus are the incisors, which are chisel-shaped above and scoop-shaped below; the large upper and lower canine teeth; the upper pre-molars, which approach in shape to the molars, with the outer cusps higher than the inner, and the inner one strong; the upper molars with two pairs of opposite conical cusps, separated by a longitudinal furrow, and with a strong cingulum; the posterior upper molar smaller than the median; the lower molars smaller than the upper, with two pairs of cusps, and a fifth on their hind border, which in the hindmost tooth is developed into a strong talon. The face is short, and the chin rounded. OREOPITHECUS BAMBOLII, Gervais, is the best known species, and was obtained from the Mid-Miocene lignites of Monte Bamboli, {213}Casteani, and Monte Massi, in Tuscany. It has been placed by some Palæontologists among the _Simiidæ_, and by others in the _Cercopithecidæ_. According to Ristori, the under jaw shows its alliance with _Papio_ and _Cercopithecus_; while the upper jaw more resembles the Anthropoid Apes. It is the largest known fossil Ape, and is excelled in strength only by _Dryopithecus_, Zittel. GENUS MACACUS (_suprà_, p. 1). Species belonging to this still living genus, occurred in Asia and in Europe in the age--the Pliocene--which immediately preceded the Great Ice age, as well as in the Pleistocene epoch itself. MACACUS SIVALENSIS is the oldest fossil of the genus, and was described by Mr. Lydekker from the Sivalik beds of the Punjaub. M. PRISCUS is known from the Pliocene of Montpellier, in France; M. FLORENTINUS, Cocchi (the same as _Aulaxinuus florentinus_ of Cocchi, and _M. ausonianus_ of Forsyth Major), from the Upper Pliocene beds in the valley of the Arno. M. SUEVICUS (Hedinger), which has been described from a well-preserved palate-bone, having all the molar, and two of the pre-molar teeth present, was found at Heppenlochs, in Würtemberg. M. TRARENSIS (Pomel) is found in Algeria, in beds of the Ice age; while, in holes on the rock of Gibraltar, remains of the same species as is now living there--_M. inuus_--were discovered by Mr. Calderon in 1879. From another crevasse at Monstaines, in the Haute Garonne, M. Harlé obtained a fragment of a lower jaw of a species of _Macacus_, associated with the bones of Mammals of the Ice age. (_Zittel._) Of the same antiquity is a jaw found, according to Mr. Lydekker, near the village of Grays, in Essex, a fact which indicates a very great difference in the climate of that part of England from that of the present day. {214}GENUS DOLICHOPITHECUS. _Dolichopithecus_, Depéret, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., Palæont., i., p. 11 (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 707 (1893).