fontani_. GENUS SIMIA (_suprà_, p. 170). To this genus has been referred a molar tooth found in the Pliocene Strata of the Sivalik hills in India. It is considered to belong to an Orang-Utan, SIMIA SATYRUS. GENUS ANTHROPOPITHECUS (_suprà_, p. 188). A fragmentary jaw, also from the Pliocene beds in the Sivalik hills, has been described as ANTHROPOPITHECUS SIVALENSIS by Lydekker, who at first placed it in a new genus, _Palæopithecus_, but has more recently determined it to belong really to this now exclusively African genus. The relative smallness of the premolars distinguish it from the Orang. Should this determination be confirmed, the presence of a true Chimpanzee in Asia will be a fact of the highest interest in the geographical distribution of the _Simiidæ_. {218}FAMILY HOMINIDÆ (_suprà_, p. 203). GENUS HOMO (_suprà_, _p. 203_). Although, as has been stated above, the _Primates_, represented by lowly Lemuroids evincing relationship with the ancestors of the hoofed animals (_Ungulata_), first appeared in Eocene times, it would be a hopeless quest, as Professor Boyd-Dawkins points out, to seek for a highly specialised Man in a fauna where no living genus of Mammals was present. The earliest appearance of Man on the globe has been considered by Dr. Hamy and M. de Mortillet to be in France in the middle of the Miocene age. They base their belief on flint fragments supposed to be artificially made, and on a cut upon the bone of an extinct Manatee considered to be of human handiwork. The evidence is, however, doubtful and unsatisfactory. In this age appeared such Anthropoids as _Pliopithecus_ and the highly-developed _Dryopithecus_ (p. 216), when the climate was tropical in mid-Europe, and warm and genial even within 8° 15[prime] of the North Pole. Professor Boyd-Dawkins believes that notwithstanding the favourable climate and the existence of so highly-developed an Ape as _Dryopithecus_, "were any Man-like animal living in the Miocene age, he might reasonably be expected to be not Man, but intermediate between Man and something else." The Pliocene, _i.e._, that portion of the Tertiary period in which the _genera_ of mammals are mostly the same as those now living--only one _species_ is known to be identical,--is the next horizon in which human remains have been asserted to have been found. The evidence is based on a skull found in a railway cutting in France after a landslip, and on a supposed artificially incised bone; but both these data require confirmation. Senhor Ribeiro has, however, obtained in Portugal implements {219}said to be of undoubted human manufacture in strata of this age, 1,200 feet below the surface; and it has been claimed by Professor Whitney that, in California, a skull, as well as a mortar and pestle, have been recovered from Pliocene beds. The latter evidence has also been called in question.