of its nourishment during germination. These are termed albuminous (endospermous) seeds, in distinction to the ex-albuminous, or those in which the nutritive-tissue is stored in the embryo itself, before it is completely developed, and used for its sustenance. In addition to the changes which fertilisation produces in the ovule itself, it also gives the impetus to a series of changes in the entire shoot which bears the ovule. The perianth, stamens, and style, generally wither, because the part they play is at an end; the wall of the ovary grows and becomes the wall of the fruit (pericarp). The entire gynœcium of a flower, transformed as a consequence of fertilisation, is termed a _fruit_. It consists of two parts, the _pericarp_ and the _seeds_, and according to the nature of the pericarp, the fruit is termed a capsule, nut, berry, or drupe. The chief characteristic of the Phanerogams does not lie in the formation of the flower (although they may quite properly be termed “Flowering-plants”), because Equisetums and Lycopods have reproductive shoots as highly differentiated as those of certain Gymnosperms and other Phanerogams. As regards the SEXUAL GENERATION the characteristics are found:--(1) in its great reduction; (2) in the transmission of the microspore (pollen-grain) to the macrosporangium, and its germination, with the formation of a _pollen-tube_ (antheridium), the protoplasm of which is not differentiated into spermatozoids; (3) in the fact that the macrospore (embryo-sac) never leaves its sporangium (nucellus); and further in the Angiosperms, (4) in the peculiar development of the nutritive-tissue in two parts; and (5) in the great reduction of the archegonium. As regards the ASEXUAL GENERATION the characteristic feature is that this generation is formed whilst the sporangium is still attached to the mother-plant, and for a long time is nourished by it; and that after the sporangium has become detached from the mother-plant, it spends a longer or shorter resting period as the embryo in the seed (enveloped by the testa), and does not make its appearance until the “germination” of the seed. In addition the shoot which bears sporangia undergoes greater modification than in the case of the Flowerless-plants. The Phanerogams are separated into two Divisions as follows:-- Division 4. =Gymnospermæ.= The ovules, as well as the seeds, are borne _naked_ on the surface of _open carpels_, or on the apex of a stem (ovary wanting). The pollen-grains are conveyed by the wind to the ovules, and caught by drops of mucilage, secreted by the micropyle. A “stigma” is _wanting_. The entire _female prothallium_ (_the endosperm_), which serves for the nourishment of the embryo, is _formed before fertilisation_. The archegonia are _embedded in the upper part of the prothallium. The pollen-grains are “multicellular,” i.e._ there is always in their interior a distinct prothallium, formed by 1–3 cells, and a larger cell which gives rise to the pollen-tube.