Order 1. =Araucariaceæ.= This order most frequently has _solitary_ ovules, _turned downwards_ and attached _to the centre_ of the cone-scales. In _Agathis_ (_Dammara_) the arrangement is the most simple, a winged seed (Fig. 265), which hangs _freely_ downwards, being borne in the centre of the undivided cone-scale. In _Araucaria_, the stamens with the _free, pendulous_ pollen-sacs have been represented in Fig. 242; the ovuliferous scale is united for nearly its whole length with the bract, and projects from its apex in the shape of a sheath-like, dentate scale, resembling the ligule in _Isoëtes_, and may therefore be termed a “ligule.” _Araucaria_ (S. America, Australia) has often rather broad leaves (_A. brasiliensis_). The ovuliferous scale in _Cunninghamia_ is more distinct, and stretches transversely over the entire cover-scale; it bears three inverted ovules (Fig. 266) (Eastern Asia). [Illustration: FIG. 265.--_Agathis (Dammara) australis._ Cone-scale with the seed. _A_ Longitudinal section; _A’_ from within; _fv_, _fv’_ vascular bundles; _v_ wing.] [Illustration: FIG. 266.--_Cunninghamia sinensis._ Cone-scale with three ovules, interior view: _d_ cover-scale; _f_ ovuliferous scale.] [Illustration: FIG. 267.--_A-G Pseudotsuga douglasii_: _A_ cone, _B_ cone-scale, with the inner side turned forward; the points of the cover-scale are seen behind it; _C-G_ transitions from the acicular leaf to the cover scale, from the base of a ♀ cone. _H Pinus montana._ Young ovuliferous scale, with the inner side turned forward; the ovules are now in the stage for pollination. _J-M Abies alba_: _J_ male cone; _b_ bud-scale; _a_ anthers; _K L M_ individual anthers.--_Pinus montana_: _N_ pollen-grain; the two lateral expansions are the air-bladders; in the upper part of the interior of the grain a vegetative cell may be seen, and in the centre the large cell-nucleus.] Dammara-resin, which is used for varnish, is obtained from _Agathis_ (_Dammara_) species (New Zealand, Philippine Islands).