_Each_.--The particle _gi_ enters, like the particle in the composition of pronouns. Old High German, _êogalîher_, every one; _êocalih_, all; Middle High German, _iegelich_; New High German, _jeglich_; Anglo-Saxon, _ælc_; English, _each_; the l being dropped, as in _which_ and _such_. _Ælc_, as the original of the English _each_ and the Scotch _ilka_,[51] must by no means be confounded with the word _ylce_, _the same_. _Every_ in Old English, _everich_, _everech_, _everilk one_, is _ælc_, preceded by the particle _ever_. (Grimm. D. G. iii. 54.) _Either_.--Old High German, _êogahuëdar_; Middle High German, _iegewëder_; Anglo-Saxon, _æghväðer_, _ægðer_; Old Frisian, _eider_. _Neither_.--The same with the negative article prefixed. _Neither_ : _either_ :: _naught_ : _aught_. § 236. _Other_, _whether_.--These words, although derived forms, being simpler than some that have preceded, might fairly have been dealt with before. They make, however, a transition from the present to the succeeding chapter, and so find a place here. A. _First_, it may be stated of them that the idea which they express is not that of _one out of many_, but that of _one out of two_. 1. In Sanscrit there are two forms, a) _kataras_, the same word as _whether_, meaning _which out of two_; b) _katamas, which out of many_. So also _êkateras, one out of two_; _êkatamas, one out of many_. In Greek the Ionic form κότερος (πότερος); in Latin, _uter_, _neuter_, _alter_; and in Mœso-Gothic, _hvathar_, have the same form and the same meaning. 2. In the Scandinavian language the word _anden_, Dano-Saxon, _annar_, Iceland. corresponds to the English word _second_, and not the German _zweite_: e.g., _Karl den Anden, Charles the Second_. Now _anthar_ is the older form of _other_. B. _Secondly_, it may be stated of them, that the termination -er is the same termination that we find in the comparative degree. 1. The idea expressed by the comparative degree is the comparison, not of _many_ but of _two_ things; _this is better than that_. 2. In all the Indo-European languages where there are pronouns in -ter, there is also a comparative degree in -ter. See next chapter. 3. As the Sanscrit form _kataras_ corresponds with the comparative degree, where there is the comparison of _two things with each other_; so the word _katamas_ is a superlative form; and in the superlative degree lies the comparison of _many_ things with each other. Hence _other_ and _whether_ (to which may be added _either_ and _neither_) are pronouns with the comparative form. _Other_ has the additional peculiarity of possessing the plural form _others_. Hence, like _self_, it is, in the strictest sense, a substantival pronoun. * * * * * CHAPTER IX. ON CERTAIN FORMS IN -ER.