The modal construction may also be called the _adverbial construction_; because the effect of the noun is akin to that of an adverb,--_I fight with bravery_ = _I fight bravely_: _he walks a king_ = _he walks regally_. The modal (or adverbial) construction, sometimes takes the appearance of the objective: inasmuch as intransitive verbs are frequently followed by a substantive, e.g., _to sleep the sleep of the righteous_. Here, nevertheless, this is no proof of government. For a verb to be capable of governing an objective case, it must be a verb signifying an action affecting an object; which is not the case here. The sentence means, to _sleep as the righteous sleep_, or _according to the sleep of the righteous_. * * * * * CHAPTER XVIII. ON THE PARTICIPLES. § 481. The present participle, or the participle in -ing, must be considered in respect to its relations with the substantive in -ing. _Dying-day_ is, probably, no more a participle than _morning-walk_. In respect to the syntax of such expressions as the forthcoming, I consider that they are _either_ participles or substantives. 1. When substantives, they are in regimen, and govern a genitive case--_What is the meaning of the lady's holding up her train?_ Here the word _holding_ = _the act of holding_.--_Quid est significatio elevationis pallæ de parte fœminæ._ 2. When participles, they are in apposition or concord, and would, if inflected, appear in the same case with the substantive, or pronoun, preceding them--_What is the meaning of the lady holding up her train?_ Here the word _holding_ = _in the act of holding_, and answers to the Latin _fœminæ elevantis_.--_Quid est significatio fœminæ elevantis pallam?_ § 482. The past participle corresponds not with the Greek form τυπτόμενος, but with the form τετυμμένος. _I am beaten_ is essentially a combination, expressive not of present but of past time, just like the Latin _sum verberatus_. Its Greek equivalent is not εἰμὶ τυπτόμενος = _I am a man in the act of being beaten_, but εἰμὶ τετυμμένος = _I am a man who has been beaten_. It is past in respect to the action, though present in respect to the state brought about by the action. This essentially past element in the so-called present expression, _I am beaten_, will be again referred to. * * * * * CHAPTER XIX. ON THE MOODS. § 483. The infinitive mood is a noun. The current rule that _when two verbs come together the latter is placed in the infinitive mood_, means that one verb can govern another only by converting it into a noun--_I begin to move_ = _I begin the act of moving_. Verbs, _as verbs_, can only come together in the way of apposition--_I irritate_, _I beat_, _I talk at him_, _I call him names_, &c. § 484. The construction, however, of English infinitives is two fold. (1.) Objective. (2.) Gerundial.