1. Aleph Alpha. 2. Beth Bæta. 3. Gimel Gamma. 4. Daleth Delta. 5. He E, _psilon._ 6. Vaw _Digamma._ 7. Zayn Zæta. 8. Heth Hæta. 9. Teth Thæta. 10. Yod Iôta. 11. Kaph Kappa. 12. Lamed Lambda. 13. Mem Mu. 14. Nun Nu. 15. Samech Sigma? 16. Ayn O. 17. Pe Pi. 18. Tsadi ---- 19. Kof Koppa, _Archaic_. 20. Resh Rho. 21. Sin San, _Doric_. 22. Tau Tau. The alphabet of Phœnicia and Palestine being adapted to the language of Greece, the first change took place in the manner of writing. The Phœnicians wrote from right to left; the Greeks from left to right. Besides this, the following principles were recognised;-- a. Letters for which there was no use were left behind. This was the case, as seen above, with the eighteenth letter, _tsadi_. b. Letters expressive of sounds for which there was no precise equivalent in Greek, were used with other powers. This was the case with letters 5, 8, 16, and probably with some others. c. Letters of which the original sound, in the course of time, became changed, were allowed, as it were, to drop out of the alphabet. This was the case with 6 and 19. d. For such simple single elementary articulate sounds as there was no sign or letter representant, new signs, or letters, were invented. This principle gave to the Greek alphabet the new signs φ, χ, υ, ω. e. The new signs were not mere modifications of the older ones, but totally new letters. All this was correct in principle; and the consequence is, that the Greek alphabet, although not originally meant to express a European tongue at all, expresses the Greek language well. § 162. But it was not from the Greek that our own alphabet was immediately derived; although ultimately it is referable to the same source as the Greek, viz., the Phœnician. It was the _Roman_ alphabet which served as the basis to the English. And it is in the changes which the Phœnician alphabet underwent in being accommodated to the Latin language that we must investigate the chief peculiarities of the present alphabet and orthography of Great Britain and America. Now respecting the Roman alphabet, we must remember that it was _not_ taken _directly_ from the Phœnician; in this important point differing from the Greek. Nor yet was it taken, _in the first instance_, from the Greek. It had a _double_ origin.