The development of a Baltimore orchestra in 1873 was an expression of the reawakening of artistic life from Baltimore to the Gulf. By 1870 the call was repeatedly sounded for a new literature and a new criticism in the South. Short-lived magazines sprang up and were flooded with copy before their early deaths. Much was written that was ostentatiously sectional in tone, but much by men like Hayne and Cable and Page that approached the standard set by Joel Chandler Harris in his appeal for a literature which should be "intensely local in feeling, but utterly unprejudiced and unpartisan as to opinions, traditions, and sentiment. Whenever we have a genuine Southern literature, it will be American and cosmopolitan as well." Equally in the interest of the South was Hayne's demand for criticism which should put a quietus on the fatuous scribblers who had nothing to say and said it badly. "No foreign ridicule," he wrote in the _Southern Magazine_ in 1874, "can stop this growing evil, until our own scholars and thinkers have the manliness and honesty to discourage instead of applauding such manifestations of artistic weakness and artistic platitudes as have hitherto been foisted on us by persons uncalled and unchosen of any of the muses." At the same time a generously enterprising spirit led several of the leading Northern editors to accept and even solicit contributions from the South. In 1873 _Scribner's Monthly_ projected and secured a widely advertised series of articles on "the great South." _Harper's_ had a series of its own. The _Atlantic_, with Howells as editor, followed conservatively, and the _Independent_ opened its columns to the poetry of the men whom it had condemned in most aggressive terms a dozen years earlier. More important to Lanier than any of these was _Lippincott's_, in which "Corn," "The Symphony," and "The Psalm of the West," with certain shorter poems, were published in 1875, 1876, and 1877--poems by which his wide reputation was established.