Wilderness_, 1878, and William H. Gibson in such books as _Camp Life in the Woods_, sympathetically illustrated by their author, were far more sincere and wholesome. Everywhere for a decade or more there was appeal for a return to the natural and the free, to the open-air games of the old English days, to hunting and trapping and camping--a masculine, red-blooded resurgence of the savage, a return to the wild. The earlier phase of the period may be said to have culminated in 1882 with the founding of _Outing_, a magazine devoted wholly to activities in the open air. The later eighties and the nineties are the period of the bird books. C. C. Abbott's _A Naturalist's Rambles About Home_, 1884; Olive Thorne Miller's _Bird Ways_, 1885; Bradford Torrey's _Birds in the Bush_, 1885; and Florence Merriam Bailey's _Birds Through an Opera Glass_, 1889, may be taken as representative. Bird life and bird ways for a period became a fad; enthusiastic observers sprang up everywhere; scientific treatises and check lists and identification guides like Chapman's _Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America_, began to appear in numbers. What the novelists of locality were doing for the unusual human types in isolated corners of the land, the nature writers were doing for the birds. Of all the later mass of Nature writings, however, very little is possessed of literary distinction. Very largely it is journalistic in style and scientific in spirit. Only one out of the later group, Bradford Torrey, compels attention. Beyond a doubt it is already safe to place him next in order after Burroughs and Muir. He is more of an artist than Burroughs, and he is more literary and finished than Muir. In his attitude toward Nature he is like Thoreau--sensitive, sympathetic, reverent. It was he who edited the journals of Thoreau in their final form, and it was he also who after that experience wrote what is undoubtedly the most discriminating study that has yet been made of the great mystic naturalist. BIBLIOGRAPHY JOHN BURROUGHS. (1837----.) _Notes on Walt Whitman, as Poet and Person_, New York, 1867; _Wake-Robin_, 1871; _Winter Sunshine_, 1875; _Birds and Poets_, 1877; _Locusts and Wild Honey_, 1879; _Pepacton_, 1881; _Fresh Fields_, 1884; _Signs and Seasons_, 1886; _Indoor Studies_, 1889; _Riverby_, 1894; _Whitman, a Study_, 1896; _The Light of Day_, 1900; _Literary Values_, 1904; _Far and Near_, 1904; _Ways of Nature_, 1905; _Leaf and Tendril_, 1908; _Time and Change_, 1912; _The Summit of the Years_, 1913; _Our Friend John Burroughs_. By Clara Barrus. 1914. JOHN MUIR. (1838-1914.) "Studies in the Sierras," a series of papers in _Scribner's Monthly_, 1878; _The Mountains of California_, 1894; _Our National Parks_, 1901; _Stickeen, the Story of a Dog_, 1909; _My First Summer in the Sierra_, 1911; _The Story of My Boyhood and Youth_, 1913; _Letters to a Friend_, 1915.