"The rich quality of surface that appears more or less in works of marble is produced by rubbing with fine sand or pumice-stone and other substances, and the ancients appear to have completed this part of their work by a process which is called '_circumlitio_,' and may mean not only rubbing or polishing, but applying some composition, such as hot wax, to give a soft, glowing color to the surface. Many of the ancient statues certainly exhibit the appearance of some foreign substance having slightly penetrated the surface of the work to about one eighth of an inch, and its color is of a warmer tint than the marble below it; a process, be it observed, quite distinct from and not to be confounded with _polychromy_, or what is usually understood by painting sculpture with various tints, in imitation of the natural color of the complexion, hair, and eyes. Its object, probably, with the ancients as with modern sculptors, has been simply to get rid of the glare and freshness of appearance that is sometimes objected to in a recently finished work, by giving a general warmth to the color of the marble." INDEX. "Abduction of Briseis" (Thorwaldsen), 257 Abildgaard, 254 "Abraham and Isaac," 139 "Abundance" (della Porta), 212 Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, Michael Angelo's David in, 201 Achilles, story of, 26; and Priam (Thorwaldsen), 299; and Penthesilea (Schadow), 270 Acropolis, 78 Action in Egyptian sculpture, 3 "Actaeon and his Dogs," 24 "Adam" (Cano), 220 "Adam and Eve," reliefs of, 138, 139; by Rizzo, 154 "Adonis" (Thorwaldsen), 258 "Adoring Madonna," 152 AEgina, marbles of, and Thorwaldsen, 260 AEmilius Paulus, 84 "AEneas and Anchises" (Chaudet), 248 AEsculapius. _See_ Asclepius AEtolians, 84 Agamemnon, 90 Agesander and the Laocoon, 74 Agnello, Fra Guglielmo d', 130 Agoracritus, 49, 51 Agrippa and the Apoxyomenos, 70 Agrippina, statue of, 103 Aix, 275 Alaric and Minerva Promachos, 35 Albert, Archduke, and Duquesnoy, 226 Alcamenes, 49 Aldovrandi, Gian Francesco, 198 Alexander the Great; statues of, 69, 72; decline after, 72; portrait statues of, 100; and Diogenes, by Puget, 229; by Dannecker, 248; by Thorwaldsen, 259; Entrance into Babylon of, 268 Alexander, Emperor of Russia, and Thorwaldsen, 262 Alexander VII., monument of, 226 Alexandros, sculptor of Venus of Milo, 87 Alto-rilievo, 281 Altoviti, statue of (Cellini), 191 Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio, 157 Amboise Monument, 177 Ambraser Gallery, Vienna, Cellini's salt-cellar in, 190 Amiens Cathedral, 176 Ancient Italian sculpture, 82 Ancona, 156 Andersen, Hans, and Thorwaldsen, 266 Androsphinx, 6 "Angel of Baptism" (Thorwaldsen), 262 "Angel's Salutation" (Stoss), 165 Anguier, Francois, 228 Anguier, Michael, 228 Animals in Egyptian sculpture, 5