[Footnote 11: Cf. "Das wieder erstehende Babylon," Leipzig, 1912. A careful English translation of the work, from the pen of Mrs. Johns, has been issued under the title "The Excavations at Babylon," London, 1914.] [Footnote 12: Recent discoveries at Shergât prove that a Sumerian occupation of the site of Ashur preceded the first settlement of the Semitic Assyrians. In a stratum below the first Ishtar-temple (the earliest Assyrian temple yet recovered, dating as it does from the close of the third millennium B.C.), several examples of Sumerian sculpture were found which bear an unmistakably close relationship to the earliest Sumerian work at Tello and Bismâya. The racial type represented by the sculptures is also that of the south, and suggests a Sumerian occupation of Assyria before the advent of the Semites. The termination of their settlement at Ashur was probably not the work of the Semitic conquerors of Assyria, but of another non-Semitic race akin to the Mitannian people of Northern Mesopotamia (on this subject see further Chap. IV., pp. 137 ff.). But the Semites were at least indirect heirs of the Sumerian inhabitants and derived their culture in part from them; and the growth of such elements in their acquired civilization would have been fostered as intercourse with the south increased. For a summary account of the new discoveries at Ashur, see the "Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft," No. 54 (June, 1914).] [Footnote 13: See further, p. 72 f.] [Footnote 14: I., 178.] [Footnote 15: For references to other estimates, see How and Wells, "Commentary on Herodotus," _sub I._, 178.] [Footnote 16: Cf. "Das wieder erstehende Babylon," p. 5.] [Footnote 17: Cf. Haverfield, "Ancient Town Planning," p. 22.] [Footnote 18: See above, p. 10, Fig. 2.] [Footnote 19: See the general plan of Babylon on p. 23, Fig. 3, B.] [Footnote 20: Fig. 3, T.] [Footnote 21: A. D. and E. on plan.]