[151] This is the date given on p. 10 of _Sir Frederick Haldimand_, by Jean N. McIlwraith in the ‘Makers of Canada’ series. The notice in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ gives the date as 1756. The life states that Haldimand as a young man possibly took service with the King of Sardinia, and certainly served under Frederick the Great. The _Dictionary of National Biography_ states that there is no record of his having been in the Prussian army. [152] For Du Calvet’s case see Mr. Brymner’s Introduction to the _Report on Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. xv, &c., and also Note D. This valuable Introduction and the equally valuable Introduction to the 1887 volume should be consulted for an estimate of Haldimand and his administration, the Haldimand papers being catalogued in these volumes. [153] Shortt and Doughty, p. 497. [154] Shortt and Doughty, p. 488. [155] _Ibid._, p. 498. [156] _Ibid._, p. 486. See also above, p. 92. [157] 24 Geo. III, cap. 1, see Shortt and Doughty, pp. 499, 501 and notes. See also above, p. 88, note. [158] Shortt and Doughty, p. 486. ‘The session’ must have been a later session than that of 1775, as Livius was not in the Council in that year. See above, p. 141. [159] Shortt and Doughty, pp. 476-7 and notes, also 487, 488-9 and notes. [160] Shortt and Doughty, p. 488. It will be remembered that Livius was not in Canada at this time. [161] See above, p. 134. [162] See above, p. 182. [163] Preface to _Annual Register_ for 1782. [164] Horace Walpole to the Rev. William Mason, April 25, 1781. CHAPTER IV THE TREATY OF 1783 AND THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS [Sidenote: The Treaty of 1783.] In the War of American Independence the English had no one to match against Washington. In the negotiations for the peace which ended the war they had no one to match against Benjamin Franklin. The outcome of Franklin’s astuteness was the Treaty of 1783,[165] by which Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the thirteen United States, and which alike for Great Britain and for Canada was rather the beginning than the end of troubles. The first words of the second article of the treaty, which purported to determine the boundaries of the United States, were as follows, ‘That all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared that the following are and shall be their boundaries.’ [Sidenote: The boundary disputes.] The words were no doubt used in good faith; but, as a matter of fact, nowhere in the world has there been such a long series of boundary disputes between two nations, as in North America between Great Britain and the United States. [Sidenote: In 1783 the geography of North America was little known.] [Sidenote: The disputes were between provinces as well as nations.]