6. Write a report on one of the countries of the East visited by Marco Polo. [See the translation of his travels.] 7. Development of geographical science before 1500. [Beazley, Introduction, chap. 5.] 8. Make tracings of typical maps, of antiquity, of the Middle Ages, and of the period of the great discoveries; and compare them with a modern map of the world. [See maps in Beazley and Cheyney.] 9. Maritime exploration before the fifteenth century. [Beazley, chap. 4.] 10. What were the means and methods of navigation in the fifteenth century? [See Cheyney, p. 53 ff., and Fiske, Discovery.] 11. Voyages in search of a passage to India through the Arctic Ocean. [Oxley, Romance, chap. 6; Verne, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 3; or Payne.] 12. Write a report on the history of tea, coffee, or sugar as a ware of commerce. [Use the references suggested for wares of the Levant or Baltic trade.] 13. Write a similar report on gold, silver, or tobacco. 14. Effect of the fall in value of silver in England. [Cunningham, Growth, vol. 2, sect. 182.] 15. Development of the art of navigation in modern times. [Encyc. Brit., Navigation.] BIBLIOGRAPHY Classified bibliographies of the period of the discoveries will be found in Cheyney, and in Cambridge modern hist., vol. 1. General accounts will be found also in those two sources. Cheyney’s ** European Background includes some half dozen chapters on important topics in the history of commerce; these chapters offer, in some cases, the only available reading in English, and the book can be warmly recommended. Another book, which is inexpensive, readable, and very valuable, is Beazley’s **Prince Henry; this is full on the beginnings of exploration, and has an especially good collection of early maps. The first part of Fiske’s **Discovery of America presents an admirably written survey of conditions leading to the explorations. The first volume of the Exploration of the World by Jules Verne, N. Y., Scribner, 1879, 3 vols., covers the medieval period as well as that of the great discoveries; it has the merits and failings which the author’s name suggests. For Prince Henry and the Portuguese discoveries see **Beazley, Stephens, Portugal, chap. 7, Cheyney, chap. 4, or, for a brief and readable account, Oxley, Romance, chap. 7. For the period following the discoveries, E. J. Payne, Voyages of the Elizabethan seamen, London, 1880, can be recommended; it contains original accounts of the exploits of the great English seamen of the time of Elizabeth (Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, etc.). Howard Pyle, *The Buccaneers, N. Y., Macmillan, and David Hannay, The sea trader, London, 1912, continue the narrative to a later period. CHAPTER XVI DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION