4. Development of agriculture in the eighteenth century. [Soc. Eng., 5: 99-110, 301-305, 452-459; Prothero.] 5. Condition of English roads and of carriage by land. [Cunningham, Growth, vol. 2, sect. 232, and references there; Smiles, Lives of the engineers, vol. 1.] 6. Canals, and their benefits. [Soc. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 322-326; Cunningham and references.] 7. Write an essay on the “domestic” system of manufactures, and the contrast it presents with earlier and later systems. [Hobson, Capitalism, chap. 2, sect. 11; Cunningham, Growth, vol. 2, sect. 227 and following.] 8. The influence on English industrial development of immigration from the Continent. [Cunningham, Growth, vol. 2, sects. 172, 199, 229, etc.] 9. Compare with sect. 244 sects. 283 ff., in the chapter on France, to realize the advantages of the English at this period. 10. Write a report on English manufactures in one of the following periods, from the descriptions in Social England. (_a_) Seventeenth century [vol. 4, 122-130, 445-454, 581-588.] (_b_) Eighteenth century, before the great inventions [vol. 5, 110-117, 305-322.] 11. Write a report on the history of one of the great industries (cotton, woolen, iron), choosing one of the following aspects of it: methods of manufacture, introduction of machinery, change in organization (domestic and factory system, etc.), importance in commerce. [Besides references like Cunningham and Social England the student will find the encyclopedia and Ure’s Dictionary of manufactures helpful, and probably easier to use.] 12. The great inventions. [Social England, 5: 459-474, 591-604.] 13. Write a biographical sketch of one of the following men: Richard Arkwright, Edmund Cartwright, Samuel Crompton, James Watt. [Encyclopedia; Dictionary of national biography; or one of the popular books on the history of invention.] BIBLIOGRAPHY On the industrial revolution see, besides Toynbee, Charles Beard, *The industrial revolution, London, 1901, with bibliography of larger works; Usher, *Indust. hist. of Eng., chap. 12-14, treats the technical changes in considerable detail, and gives further references with brief descriptive notes. The best study of the earlier system of manufacture is George Unwin, Industrial organization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Oxford, 1904; but Hobson’s *Evolution of modern capitalism, new edition, 1916, is better suited to the needs of the elementary student. On transportation there are good brief and general surveys by Edwin A. Pratt, *History of inland transport and communication, London, 1912, and by Adam W. Kirkaldy and A. D. Evans, History and economics of transport, London, 2d ed., 1920. The most complete account is provided by W. T. Jackman, *Development of transportation in modern England, 2 vol., continuous paging, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1916. CHAPTER XXIII ENGLAND: IMPORTS; SHIPPING; POLICY