2. Prepare a small chart of the figures, giving the estimated value of commerce 1700-1899; note the enormous gains made in the nineteenth century. 3. Development of printing, especially of periodical publications, in recent years. [Encyc., preferably the new International or Supplement to the Britannica, under Printing, Newspaper, etc. Cf. Scribner’s Magazine, 1897, vol. 22, p. 447 ff., on the modern newspaper business; Taylor in Depew, One hundred years, chap. 25, Williams in same, chap. 26.] 4. Divide the perpendicular on the right-hand side of your chart into spaces, indicating the shares of the chief countries in commerce. 5. Make out a list of three changes coming under each one of the three heads discussed. Example: technical progress, wireless telegraphy; business organization, trusts; political, international arbitration, reciprocity. 6. Early history of the coal trade. [R. L. Galloway, The rise of the coal trade, Contemporary Review, 1892, 62: 569-578.] 7. Industrial and commercial importance of coal. [Edward Atkinson, Coal is king, Century Magazine, 1897-98, 55: 828-830.] 8. Effect of a stoppage of the coal supply. [Stephen Jeans, The coal crisis and the paralysis of British industry, Nineteenth Century, 1893, 34: 791-801.] 9. How does the increase in steam horse-power compare with the increase in the output of coal? With the growth of commerce? 10. Earliest history of the steam-engine (to about 1700). [Thurston, chap. 1, sect. 1.] 11. Earliest applications of the steam-engine. [Thurston, chap. 1, sect. 2.] 12. Development of the engine before Watt. [Thurston, chap. 2.] 13. Development by Watt and his contemporaries. [Thurston, chap. 3.] 14. Recent improvements. [Thurston, chap. 6; Iles, chap. 5.] BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliographical aids become broader in the recent period. The great literature scattered through periodicals, in which articles of lasting value are often to be found, is made accessible by Poole’s Index and its continuations; books in print, if not too technical for the general public, will be found in the A. L. A. (American Library Association) Catalogue, which supplies full titles and prices. Various cyclopedias and dictionaries of commerce have been published in the nineteenth century; they are useful repositories of information, especially of statistics. Among them the following, in English, may be mentioned: McCulloch, **Dictionary, various editions; Waterston, Cyclopædia, 1847; Macgregor, *Commercial statistics, 1850; Homans, Cyclopædia, 1858. Statistics are brought up to date in various year-books and periodicals; the **Statesman’s Year-Book is an indispensable annual, and will meet all ordinary demands of teacher and class.