9. Organization of a modern factory. [P. G. Hubert, The business of a factory, Scribner’s Magazine, 1897, vol. 21, p. 306 ff.; Fred J. Miller, The machinist, same, 1893, vol. 14, p. 314 ff.] 10. Progress in the iron manufacture. [Iles, chap. 4; R. R. Bowker, A bar of iron, Harper’s Magazine, 1893-4, 88: 408-424, F. W. Taussig, The iron industry in the U. S., Quarterly Journal of Economics. Feb., 1900, reprinted in Bullock’s Selected Readings in Economics.] 11. Development of machine tools for iron working. [Sellers, in Depew, One hund. years, chap. 49.] 12. Progress in the steel manufacture. [R. R. Bowker, A steel tool, Harper’s Magazine, 1893-4, 88: 587-602; Waldon Fawcett, The center of the world of steel, Century Magazine, 1901, 62: 189-203.] 13. Write a biographical sketch of one of the following: Bessemer, Siemens, Whitworth, Brown, Thomas, Snelus. [W. T. Jeans, The creators of the age of steel, N. Y., 1884.] 14. Write a report on advances in the manufacture of one of the articles named. [Encyclopedias; on coal tar products see Meldola.] 15. What conditions have led to the rise of the characteristic manufactures of your own vicinity? In what regions are their chief competitors? What are the relative advantages of different places with respect to some particular manufacture? BIBLIOGRAPHY See the previous chapter for books of general reference. The modern manufacturing organization and the influence of machinery have been treated, from the economic standpoint, by Hobson, Modern capitalism, and Schulze-Gaevernitz, The cotton trade, Manchester, 1895. A history and analysis of the factory system by C. D. Wright was published in the Tenth U. S. Census, 1880, vol. 2; further references to U. S. public documents will be given below, in the chapters on the United States. The English parliamentary papers and accounts contain an immense amount of material on this subject; the last volume of Cunningham, Growth, has useful references to them. The technical history of manufacturers defies compression. Much interesting material may be found in the reports of the U. S. Commissioners to various world expositions. A good account of the history of machine making is provided by Joseph W. Roe, **English and American tool builders, New Haven. Yale Univer. Press, 1916. CHAPTER XXX ROADS AND RAILROADS