10. Explain the great fluctuations in the export of wheat from the U. S. in the nineteenth century. [See statistics in U. S. Statistical Abstract.] 11. Wheat in modern commerce. [Edgar, Story, chap. 4.] 12. Provision trade of the world. [U. S. Monthly Summary, Feb., 1900, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2297-2347.] 13. American canning interests. [Judge in Depew, One hundred years, chap. 57.] 14. What amount does an American household, your own for instance, spend in a year for each of the chief textiles: cotton, wool, linen, silk? 15. The cotton trade of the United States and of the world. [See above, sect. 378, for suggestion of a simple mode of treating a large subject; the topic may be amplified as time permits. F. Wilkinson, Story of cotton, N. Y., Appleton, $1; S. J. Chapman, The cotton industry, London, 1905; George Bigwood, Cotton, London, 1918; statistics in U. S. Monthly Summary, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 2543-2635.] 16. The wool trade. [John H. Clapham, The woolen industries, London, 1907; Frank Ormerod, Wool, London, 1918.] 17. Write a history of one of the following, as a ware of commerce in the nineteenth century: rubber, tea, coffee. 18. History of sugar as a commodity. [See the doctor’s dissertation by Ellen D. Ellis, Philadelphia, 1905.] 19. What amount of tea, coffee, and sugar does your household consume in a year? (Note that sugar is frequently purchased in preserves, cake, etc.) 20. History of beet sugar. [Encyclopedias; index to periodical literature; U. S. Monthly Summary, Jan., 1902, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2585-2763.] 21. Some effects of the system of sugar bounties. [Charles S. Parker, Free trade and cheap sugar, Fortnightly Review, 1898, 70: 44-53.] 22. The Brussels sugar conference. [Economic Journal, June, 1902, 12: 217 ff.; same, March, 1904, 14: 34 ff.; Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov., 1902, 17: 1 ff., Contemporary Review, Jan., 1903, 83: 75.] BIBLIOGRAPHY As this chapter touches the field of commercial geography I refer, for bibliography and general reading, to the current manuals on that subject: C. C. Adams, Text-book, N. Y., Appleton; G. S. Chisholm, Handbook, N. Y., Longmans; Joseph Russell Smith, Industrial and commercial geography, N. Y., Holt. References in quantity sufficient for ordinary students are given in the Questions and Topics above; further references will be given when the history of the commerce of specific countries is considered. CHAPTER XXXIII THE MODERN ORGANIZATION =385. Qualities of modern commerce. Certainty.=—The changes in the instruments and objects of commerce, described in preceding chapters, have had far-reaching effects on commercial methods and organization, to which the reader is now asked to give his attention. As a partial summary of what has gone before, and a preparation for what is to follow, modern commerce may be said to have made great gains in four important qualities: certainty, regularity, economy, sensitiveness.