16. Emancipation of the slaves and its results. [Rodway, chaps. 14, 15.] 17. Development of Australia. [Encyclopedia; Helmolt, Hist. of World, vol. 2, p. 252 ff.] BIBLIOGRAPHY Useful references can be obtained on England, as on other countries to be considered later, by consulting the Subject Index of the British Museum Library for books published since 1881, and the A. L. A. Catalogue for books in print, of a popular character. Of the general histories of England in the nineteenth century, that by *Spencer Walpole, 5 vols., London, Longmans, 1878-86, devotes considerable attention to economic developments, and is worth the teacher’s attention. Justin McCarthy, *History of our own times, is better suited to attract the student; it is divided into short topical chapters, and written in an interesting style. A shorter history has been published by McCarthy in the Story of the Nations Series, 2 vols., N. Y., 1899. The last volume of Traill’s Social England pays but scant attention to commerce. Of smaller books that which deserves most cordial commendation to students who desire a description of economic progress in its relation to political changes is Gilbert Slater, **Making of modern England, London, 1913, revised edition Houghton, Mifflin Co., undated. The best history of English commerce is that of **Leone Levi, extending from 1763 to 1878; it is unfortunately, out of print. Cunningham notices some of the important commercial changes in the first half of the century, but devotes most of his last volume to other topics; and the smaller manuals of English economic history pay comparatively little attention to commercial development. *Bowley’s small volume is a useful contribution, noteworthy for a number of graphic charts; it is, however, too statistical in treatment to serve the needs of the ordinary reader. Chapman’s book, like Bowley’s an outgrowth of a successful essay written for a Cobden prize, is confined to a special aspect of the trade with a particular country. William Smart, *Economic annals of the nineteenth century, London, 1910-17, covering the years 1801-1830, treats commercial policy at length and the history of commerce proper briefly. The same tendency marks Commerce and industry, A historical review, 1815-1914, ed., W. Page, London, 1919, 2 volumes, of which the second, **Tables of statistics, is a very useful compilation. Other statistical sources, of importance to a student making a careful study of the subject, are Porter, **Progress of the nation and M’Culloch, **Commercial dictionary, of which various editions have been published. A revision of Porter by F. W. Hirst, London, 1912, aims to bring his statistics down to date. CHAPTER XXXVI ENGLAND: REFORM OF COMMERCIAL POLICY