A bibliography of 38 pages compiled under the supervision of A. P. C. Griffin, Select list of references on the British tariff movement (Chamberlain’s plan), was published at Washington, 1904. For a defense of the protective policy the reader may see Ashley, Tariff problem; for representative statements of the free trade views see William Smart, The return to protection, London, Macmillan, 1904; and L. G. C. Money, Elements of the fiscal problem, London, King, 1903. Considerable historical importance attaches to the books by Gastrell and Williams, which did much to arouse interest in the great commercial question of the day. Useful surveys are provided in translations of two foreign works, Carl J. Fuchs, The trade policy of Great Britain, London, 1905, and Victor Berard, British imperialism and commercial supremacy, London, 1906. Reading of a more substantial character is offered in books which analyze the organization of industry and discuss the merits and defects of the English. For a survey from the standpoint of theory see Alfred Marshall, Industry and Trade, London, 1919, which is adapted only to advanced students, and for more concrete discussions, suited to topical reading, Arthur Shadwell, **Industrial efficiency, London, 1906, two volumes, reprinted later in one; Sydney J. Chapman, **Work and wages, 3 vol., 1904-14. Interesting comparisons of methods and results in England and in the U. S. will be found in Report of the Moseley Industrial Commission, London, 1903, American engineering competition, N. Y., 1901, and Causes of decay of a British industry, (gun-making), by “Artifex” and “Opifex,” London, 1907. The analysis of commercial statistics in Schooling and Fuchs is supplemented by later studies to be found in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. CHAPTER XXXIX THE GERMAN STATES =468. Connection of the commercial and the political development of Germany.=—Standing next to England in the extent of its commerce about 1900 is a country which at the beginning of the century, if not among the last, was certainly far below the leaders. This country is Germany. We shall have to note, in this sketch of commercial development in the nineteenth century, two remarkable examples of commercial expansion. One of them, furnished by the United States, was due to the spread of a people, originally small, over a great area rich in resources. The other, furnished by Germany, was due to different causes. The Germans of 1800 occupied a territory not greatly different from that which composed the Germany of 1900, and to which nature has given but a moderate endowment of resources. There was no Germany at the earlier date, however; the people were divided up among a great number of petty states, and their economic forces were cramped thereby so as to hinder their development. The commercial progress of the century has depended largely on the reform of these political conditions.