7. Write a similar report on their contributions to banking. [Encyc., Palgrave’s Dict., or some history of banking.] 8. Write out the English equivalents of the Italian words in sect. 103. 9. What resemblance can you find between Venetian policy toward Germans, and Boer policy toward English in the South African Republic? [See one of the many accounts of conditions preceding the war in South Africa.] 10. From the description in sect. 109 draw on an outline map the route of the Flanders galleys. 11. Write a report on the political conditions in Italy in the last centuries of the Middle Ages. [Current manuals of European history; Burckhardt, Civilisation of the Renaissance, London, 1878.] 12. Write a report on the rivalry of Venice and Genoa. [Brown, Venice.] 13. Write a report on the chief periods in the history of Genoa. [Encyclopedia.] 14. Study the history of the Medici family as showing the character of commercial and political life in Florence. [Encyclopedia; various biographies.] 15. Write a brief report on the commercial history of Marseilles or of Barcelona. [Encyclopedia.] BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography of the history of Venice is given by Brown, pp. xix-xxiii. A good brief survey of Venetian history, with a description of the modern city and a map, will be found in the Encyc. Brit. The history in the Story of the Nations series cannot be recommended. The best book for our purposes is Horatio F. Brown, *Venice, N. Y., Putnam, 1893. The history of other Italian cities is treated, with some attention to commerce, in Bella Duffy, The Tuscan republics with Genoa, N. Y., Putnam, 1893. CHAPTER XII COMMERCE OF NORTHERN EUROPE =114. Development of commerce in South and North.=—Medieval commerce reached its highest development on opposite sides of the continent of Europe, in the Levant trade of the South and in the trade carried on by the Hanseatic cities of the North. Commerce was, of course, not confined to these localities. We have seen already how German merchants and the Flanders galleys united the North and South of Europe; and every one of the present European countries took a greater or less share in the exchange of wares. We have already described, however, the general character of commerce in the medieval period, and must refer the reader to that description for some idea of the commerce of countries which are not treated in detail in this sketch.