As we have seen, the first author who speaks of replantation is Abulcasis, but to Ambroise Paré belongs the merit of having treated the subject much more explicitly, and of having insisted on the utility of this operation, indeed, on the duty of carrying it out whenever it seems indicated. [Illustration: FIG. 60 Dental files (Ambroise Paré).] Further, he is the first to mention another very important operation, namely, transplantation, albeit he himself had never performed it. The case he refers to has become a generally known anecdote. We give it in his own words: “_Un homme digne d’estre creu m’a affirmé qu’une princesse ayant fait arracher une dent, s’en fit remettre subit une autre d’une sienne demoiselle, laquelle se reprint, et quelque temps après maschoit dessus comme sus celle qu’elle avoit fait arracher auparavant._”[305] [Illustration: FIG. 61 One of the pelicans used by Ambroise Paré.] [Illustration: FIG. 62 Two other pelicans and a pair of curved pincers (Ambroise Paré).] Ambroise Paré has recourse to extraction when a tooth is the cause of very violent pain, or when the existence of a carious cavity and concomitant putrefying processes render the breath fetid, and endanger the healthy teeth in its vicinity. If the persistence of a deciduous tooth should cause the cutting of the corresponding permanent tooth outside the line of the dental arch, thus giving rise to deformity, Paré advises laying bare and then extracting the deciduous tooth; for after this the new tooth may be pressed toward the point before occupied by the other, until it assumes its natural position. Sometimes, when a tooth is too firmly planted, one prefers, says Paré, instead of extracting it, to break off the crown for the purpose of being able to act directly on the dental nerve with appropriate remedies, or to destroy the sensibility of the nerve entirely, by cauterization. This unreasonable and reprehensible method of cure is also quoted, under the denomination of _deschapellement_, by another French author, a contemporary of Paré—Urbain Hemard—who observes, however, that one rarely had recourse to it; for the pain and shock which are caused by this operation are not less than those caused by extraction. It very often happens that the patient cannot indicate exactly which tooth it is that gives him pain, his sufferings being so acute as to appear spread over a great part of the jaw. One cannot, therefore, trust too much to the indications given by the patient as to the point of departure of the pain, and must take care not to extract a healthy instead of a diseased tooth.