In the same year and city was printed a Latin pamphlet, _De dentione_, by Franciscus Martinus de Castrillo, probably the author of the preceding book. In 1563 was published in Venice the excellent treatise of Eustachius on the anatomy of the teeth (_Libellus de dentibus_). At Frankfort was published, in 1576, the second dental monograph in the German language, _Zahnarzney_, by Adam Bodenstein von Carlstad; and two years later Petrus Monavius published in Basle a Latin pamphlet on dental diseases (_De dentium affectibus_). [Illustration: FIG. 71 FIG. 72 Different kinds of forceps (F. Martinez).] The above-mentioned works, apart from the book of Eustachius, which is, of its kind, a real masterpiece, have but little importance. We have cited them here solely to show in what years and in what countries the very first dental monographs appeared. GIROLAMO FABRIZIO, of Aquapendente (1537 to 1619), a celebrated anatomist and surgeon, wrote some very valuable works, among which a treatise on surgery, in which the part relative to the affections of the dental system is treated briefly but with great orderliness and clearness, thus giving a very precise idea of what dental surgery was at the end of the sixteenth century. The principal operations which it is necessary to perform on teeth are, he says, seven in number,[321] viz.: 1. Forced opening of the dental arches in cases of prolonged constriction of the same, so as to prevent the patient from dying of hunger. 2. Cleaning of the teeth. 3. Medication of carious cavities. 4. Filling with gold-leaf. 5. Removal or resection of teeth abnormally situated. 6. Removal of any unevenness or sharpness of the teeth. 7. Extraction. [Illustration: FIG. 73 Instruments for removing deposits from the teeth (F. Martinez).] [Illustration: FIG. 74 A dental scraper. A universal toothpick and a file for sharpening its points. An instrument for removing sharp corners from the molar teeth (F. Martinez).] [Illustration: FIG. 75 A figure representing St. Apollonia, reproduced from the last page of F. Martinez’s book.]