JOHANN SCHULTES (1595 to 1645), a physician in Ulm, was the author of a very important work entitled _Armamentarium chirurgicum_, in which are given plates and descriptions of almost all the surgical instruments that had been in use up to that date. As to the part relating to dental and oral surgery, we find the following instruments named in this work: 1. Several kinds of pelicans; an instrument which was so called from its resemblance to the beak of the bird of the same name, and used for extracting the molar teeth. 2. The common dental forceps, then named _cagnolo_ by the Italians, because of the supposed likeness to a dog’s muzzle. 3. The crow’s beak forceps (_rostrum corvinum_), designed for the extraction of dental roots, and, therefore, corresponding to the rhizagra of Celsus. 4. Two special dental forceps, or _dentiduces_, for the removal of teeth which could not be extracted either with the pelican or with the common dental forceps. 5. Bifid and trifid elevators (_vectes bifidi et trifidi_), to be used for the extracting of incisors and canine teeth, as well as roots. 6. _Dentiscalpia_ for detaching the gum from the tooth before proceeding to extract it, in order that this may be the more easily accomplished and with less danger. 7. A silver funnel or cannula (_infundibulum seu fistula argentea_), for nourishing patients affected with trismus, by conveying liquid food into the fauces, through the free space behind the last molars. 8. Forceps more or less like in form to the beak of the parrot or the vulture (_rostrum psittacinum et vulturinum_), for the removal or resection of teeth that have grown in abnormal positions. 9. A screw dilator (_dilatatorium cum cochlea_), for gradually opening the dental arches in cases of spasmodic constriction of the jaws.[344] [Illustration: _A plate of Schulte’s “Armamentarium Chirurgicum,” showing some dental and other operations._] [Illustration: FIG. 77 A plate from Schultes’ “Armamentarium chirurgicum,” showing several dental instruments.] MARCO AURELIO SEVERINO (1580 to 1656), of Tarsia, a celebrated professor of surgery in the Neapolitan University, had a great predilection for the use of the cauterizing iron, which he also used very frequently in curing caries and other dental diseases. At times, to effect a cessation of violent toothache, he would have recourse to the cauterization of the antihelix! Against flaccidity of the gums and loosening of the teeth he also used cauterization, disapproving the use of astringent substances, as these cannot get so far as the roots of the affected teeth. Severino boasts of having cured by cauterization at least two hundred cases of dental diseases. LAZARE RIVIÈRE (1589 to 1655), a professor at the University of Montpelier, also known by his latinized name of Lazarus Riverius, treats of dental affections and their cure, in various parts of his works, considering them, however, almost exclusively from a medical point of view.