He informs us that Amatus Lusitanus, a celebrated physician of the sixteenth century, extolled, as a remedy for toothache, a decoction of gum sandarach in wine and vinegar; the said decoction was to be made with an ounce of sandarach in six ounces of wine and the same quantity of vinegar, and ought to be kept in the mouth some length of time, whilst hot. Rivière further speaks of various masticatories, which were composed of mastich, staphisagria, pyrethrum, henbane, etc. He also mentions oil of cloves, which even then was used against toothache, by introducing into carious cavities a small piece of cotton-wool soaked in it. Oil of camphor was used in the same manner, but the most efficacious of all, according to the author, was oil of boxwood. As to worms in the teeth, they may be destroyed by the use of bitter substances! In the case of a caries penetrating into the inner cavity of the tooth, to effect the cessation of pain, it is necessary to burn the nerve with the actual cautery, or with aqua fortis, or with oil of vitriol. If this be repeated several times, the tooth gradually falls to pieces. After having enumerated all these remedies, the author speaks of the extraction of the teeth, and of all the precautions with which this must be carried out in order to avoid the various accidents which may result from the operations and may even, sometimes, become a cause of death. When abundant hemorrhage follows the extraction of a tooth, this may often be made to cease by applying a small, very compact ball of linen into the alveolus and maintaining it there by pressure during one or two hours. Should this not suffice, one can combine with compression the use of astringent substances. Finally, as a last remedy, use may be made of the red-hot iron. In the case of timid patients, who shrink from an instrumental operation, recourse may be had to eradicating remedies, the author being fully convinced of their efficacy. Indeed, one of these—helleboraster—is said to be so powerful that, when rubbed on the teeth, these fall out within the space of a few hours; for which reason it is absolutely necessary, in making use of it, to cover over the neighboring teeth with wax, so that the healthy ones may not also fall out, as happened, says the author, in the case of a poor peasant. The internal use of mercury, and even the use of certain mercurial preparations used by women as cosmetics, is of damage to the teeth and imparts to them a blackish or dirty looking color. Numerous remedies exist for cleaning the teeth, but according to Rivière the best way of cleaning them consists in rubbing them with a small stick immersed in sulphuric acid (_spiritus sulphuris aut vitrioli_) and afterward drying them with a piece of linen. This remedy not only cleans and renders the teeth white, but it preserves them also from caries! If the teeth are very dirty, the spirit of vitriol may be used pure; otherwise one mixes it with _mel rosatum_ or with water.