Copyright protection means that using a copyrighted work is
lawful only if we get authorization from the copyright owner.
As explained by WIPO on its website in the section
"International Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring
Rights", the authorizations granted by the copyright owner can
be: "The right to copy or otherwise reproduce any kind of work;
the right to distribute copies to the public; the right to rent
copies of at least certain categories of works (such as
computer programs and audiovisual works); the right to make
sound recordings of the performances of literary and musical
works; the right to perform in public, particularly musical,
dramatic or audiovisual works; the right to communicate to the
public by cable or otherwise the performances of such works
and, particularly, to broadcast, by radio, television or other
wireless means, any kind of work; the right to translate
literary works; the right to rent, particularly, audiovisual
works, works embodied in phonograms and computer programs; the
right to adapt any kind of work and particularly the right to
make audiovisual works thereof."
Under some national laws, some of these rights - which together
are referred to as "economic rights" - are not exclusive rights
of authorization but, in some specific cases, merely rights to
remuneration. In addition to economic rights, authors - whether
or not they own the economic rights - enjoy "moral rights" on
the basis of which authors have the right to claim their
authorship and require that their names be indicated on the
copies of the work and in connection with other uses, and they
have the right to oppose the mutilation or deformation of their
works.
= Shrinking of public domain
Michael Hart created Project Gutenberg in July 1971 to make
electronic versions of literary works and disseminate them for
free. In 2009, Project Gutenberg has had tens of thousands of
downloads every day. As recalled by Michael in January 2009, "I
knew [in July 1971] that the future of computing, and the
internet, was going to be... 'The Information Age.' That was
also the day I said we would be able to carry quite literally
the entire Library of Congress in one hand and the system would
certainly make it illegal... too much power to leave in the
hands of the masses."
As defined by Project Gutenberg, "public domain is the set of
cultural works that are free of copyright, and belong to
everyone equally", i.e. for books, the ones that can be
digitized and released on the internet for free. But the task
of Project Gutenberg hasn't be made any easier by the
increasing restrictions to public domain. In former times, 50%
of works belonged to public domain, and could be freely used by
everybody. A much tougher legislation was set in place over the
centuries, step by step, especially during the 20th century,
despite our so-called "information society". In 2100, 99% of
works might be governed by copyright, with a meager 1% for
public domain.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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